İklim Krizi Kaynaklı Göç ve Toplum Sağlığı
Synopsis
İklim krizi, küresel atmosfer bileşiminin değişmesi ve ekolojik dengenin bozulması sonucu ortaya çıkan ciddi bir sorundur. İklim krizinin etkileri arasında aşırı hava olayları, deniz seviyesinin yükselmesi ve ekosistemlerin bozulması gibi faktörler bulunmaktadır. İklim krizi, toplum sağlığını çeşitli mekanizmalar aracılığıyla olumsuz etkilemektedir. Artan sıcaklıklar, hava kalitesinin bozulması, vektör kaynaklı hastalıkların yayılması, bu etkiler arasında yer almaktadır. Özellikle dezavantajlı gruplar, iklim krizi ile ilgili yaşanan olaylarda daha fazla risk altındadır. İklim krizi, küresel düzeyde çevresel, ekonomik ve sosyal boyutlarda ciddi etkiler yaratmaktadır. Bu olgunun en belirgin sonuçlarından biri, iklim krizin doğrudan veya dolaylı etkileri nedeniyle göç eden insan sayısındaki artıştır. İklim krizinin neden olduğu göçler, hızla başlayan afetler veya yavaş hareket eden çevresel değişiklikler nedeniyle gerçekleşmektedir. İklim göçmenleri genellikle kendi ülkeleri içinde yer değiştirse de bazı durumlarda farklı ülkelere de yönelmektedirler. İklim göçü, toplum sağlığı üzerinde ciddi etkilere sahiptir. Göç eden bireyler ve topluluklar, yetersiz beslenme, suya erişim zorlukları, bulaşıcı hastalıklar ve psikososyal stres gibi sağlık riskleriyle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. İklim krizi ve buna bağlı göçler, toplum sağlığını olumsuz etkileyen önemli faktörlerdir. Bu sorunların çözümü için bütüncül yaklaşımlar ve politikalar geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. İklim krizinin etkilerini hafifletmeye yönelik stratejiler hem göç eden bireylerin hem de göç alan toplulukların sağlığını korumak ve iyileştirmek için hayati öneme sahiptir.
References
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Shultz JM, Rechkemmer A, Rai A, McManus KT. Public health and mental health implications of environmentally induced forced migration. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13(2):116-122. doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.27
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Kelman I, Næss MW. Climate change and migration for Scandinavian Saami: A review of possible impacts. Climate. 2019;7(4):47. doi:10.3390/cli7040047
Ford JD, Pearce T, Duerden F, Furgal C, Smit B. Climate change policy responses for Canada’s Inuit population: The importance of and opportunities for adaptation. Global Environmental Change. 2010;20(1):177-191. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.008
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McIver L, Woodward A, Davies S, Tibwe T, Iddings S. Assessment of the health impacts of climate change in Kiribati. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014;11(5):5224-5240. doi:10.3390/ijerph110505224
Rasmussen K, May W, Birk T, Mataki M, Mertz O, Yee D. Climate change on three Polynesian outliers in the Solomon Islands: Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. 2009;109(1):1-13. doi:10.1080/00167223.2009.10649592
Pardo Martínez CI, Alfonso WH. Climate change in Colombia: A study to evaluate trends and perspectives for achieving sustainable development from society. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2018;10(4):632-652. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2017-0087
Cashman A, Nurse L, John C. Climate change in the Caribbean: The water management implications. The Journal of Environment & Development. 2010;19(1):42-67. doi:10.1177/1070496509347088
Pielke R, Landsea C, Mayfield M, Laver J, Pasch R. Reply to “Hurricanes and Global Warming—Potential Linkages and Consequences.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2006;87(5):628-632. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26217170
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Shultz JM, Sands DE, Kossin JP, Galea S. Double environmental injustice—Climate change, Hurricane Dorian, and the Bahamas. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(1):1-3. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1912965
Berberoğlu S, Dönmez C, Çilek A. İklim değişikliği senaryoları altında konumsal modelleme kullanarak Türkiye’nin çevresel risk analizi: Net birincil üretim örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;31(ÖS2):107-116. doi:10.21605/cukurovaummfd.316723
Tekin MK. Küresel iklim değişiminin göçler üzerine etkileri ve Türkiye’ye dair öngörüler [doktora tezi]. Van: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi; 2023.
Bağdatlı C, Bellitürk K. Negative effects of climate change in Turkey. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research. 2016;3(2):44-46.
Çavuş K, Kaya AA. Afetler, depremler ve kitlesel zorunlu göç akınları: Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremler üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2024;7(1):195-209. doi:10.35341/afet.1378410
İlter MS. Kırsal yoksulluk, göç ve afet ilişkisi: “Zeytinköy orman yangını örneği.” Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2019;2(2):80-94. doi:10.35341/afet.572197
Kolukırık S, Arslan DA, Gökalp Yılmaz G. Orman yangınlarının toplumsal etkileri ve görünümü: Medya paylaşımlarında 2021 büyük Antalya-Manavgat yangını. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2022;5(2):560-580. doi:10.35341/afet.1086418
Üstün YM. Antropojenik iklim değişikliğine bağlı deniz seviyesi değişiminin Sinop Yarımadası’na olası etkileri. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2019;2(2):64-79. doi:10.35341/afet.567218
Moullec F, Velez L, Verley P, et al. Capturing the big picture of Mediterranean marine biodiversity with an end-to-end model of climate and fishing impacts. Progress in Oceanography. 2019; 178:102179. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102179
Neira M, Erguler K, Ahmady-Birgani H, et al. Climate change and human health in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East: Literature review, research priorities, and policy suggestions. Environmental Research. 2023;216(Pt 2):114537. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114537
US Global Change Research Program. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. Edited by Allison Crimmins, John Balbus, Janet L. Gamble, et al. Washington, DC: USGCRP; 2016. doi:10.7930/J0R49NQX
McMichael AJ, Woodruff RE, Hales S. Climate change and human health: Present and future risks. The Lancet. 2006;367(9513):859-869. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3
Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. The Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836-1878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
Braunisch V, Coppes J, Arlettaz R, et al. Underpinning the precautionary principle with evidence: A spatial concept for guiding wind power development in endangered species’ habitats. Journal for Nature Conservation. 2015; 24:31-40. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2015.01.003
Roelfsema M, Fekete H, Höhne N, et al. Reducing global GHG emissions by replicating successful sector examples: The ‘good practice policies’ scenario. Climate Policy. 2018;18(9):1103-1113.
Bodansky D, Brunnée J, Rajamani L. International Climate Change Law. Oxford University Press; 2017.
Sanson AV, Van Hoorn J, Burke SEL. Responding to the impacts of the climate crisis on children and youth. Child Development Perspectives. 2019;13(4):201-207. doi:10.1111/cdep.12342
Er F, Canatan Gençer Ç, Barut B, Kara Y. Sosyal hizmet uygulamalarında ekopsikolojiyi düşünmek. Aurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2020;5(1):73-82.
Laurance WF. The Anthropocene. Current Biology. 2019;29(19): R953-R954. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.055
Friel S. Climate change, society, and health inequities. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2022;217(9):466-468. doi:10.5694/mja2.51731
Neukom R, Steiger N, Gómez-Navarro JJ, Wang J, Werner JP. No evidence for globally coherent warm and cold periods over the preindustrial Common Era. Nature. 2019;571(7766):550-554. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1401-2
NASA. 2020 tied for warmest year on record, NASA analysis shows. January 14, 2021. Accessed November 25, 2024. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13799/#:~:text=Globally%2C%202020%20was%20the%20hottest,like%20carbon%20dioxide%20and%20methane
Friel S. Climate Change and the People's Health. 1st ed. Oxford University Press; 2019. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190492731.001.0001
Kumari Rigaud K, de Sherbinin A, Jones B, et al. Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2018.
Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Barnard P, Moomaw WR, and 11,258 signatories from 153 countries. World scientists’ warning of a climate emergency. Bioscience. 2020;70(1):8-12.
Foresight. Migration and Global Environmental Change. Future Challenges and Opportunities. Final Project Report. London: Government Office for Science; 2011.
Yu P, Xu R, Abramson MJ, Li S, Guo Y. Bushfires in Australia: a serious health emergency under climate change. The Lancet Planetary Health. 2020;4(1): e7-e8. doi:10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30267-0
Palinkas LA. Global climate change, population displacement, and public health: the next wave of migration. Springer; 2020.
Ofori DO, Bandauko E, Kutor SK, et al. A systematic review of international and internal climate-induced migration in Africa. Sustainability. 2023;15(22):16105. doi:10.3390/su152216105
International Organization for Migration. Discussion Note MC/INF/288: Migration and the Environment. November 1, 2007. Geneva: IOM. Accessed November 25, 2024. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1411/files/MC_INF_288.pdf
Gemenne F. Why the numbers don’t add up: A review of estimates and predictions of people displaced by environmental changes. Global Environmental Change. 2011;21: S41-S49.
Ionesco D, Mokhnacheva D, Gemenne F. The Atlas of Environmental Migration. London: Routledge/Earthscan; 2017. Accessed November 25, 2024. https://environmentalmigration.iom.int/atlas-environmental-migration
Shultz JM, Rechkemmer A. Climate change, migration, and population health. In: Galea S, Ettman CK, Zaman MH, eds. Migration and Health. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2022:63-77. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226822495-007
Shultz JM, Rechkemmer A, Rai A, McManus KT. Public health and mental health implications of environmentally induced forced migration. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13(2):116-122. doi:10.1017/dmp.2018.27
Lee SE, Press MC, Lee JA, Ingold T, Kurttila T. Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: A case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland. Polar Research. 2000;19(1):99-105. doi:10.1111/j.1751-8369.2000.tb00333.x
Kelman I, Næss MW. Climate change and migration for Scandinavian Saami: A review of possible impacts. Climate. 2019;7(4):47. doi:10.3390/cli7040047
Ford JD, Pearce T, Duerden F, Furgal C, Smit B. Climate change policy responses for Canada’s Inuit population: The importance of and opportunities for adaptation. Global Environmental Change. 2010;20(1):177-191. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.10.008
Roman M. Public health and climate change in the Republic of Kiribati [master’s essay]. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh; 2013.
McIver L, Woodward A, Davies S, Tibwe T, Iddings S. Assessment of the health impacts of climate change in Kiribati. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014;11(5):5224-5240. doi:10.3390/ijerph110505224
Rasmussen K, May W, Birk T, Mataki M, Mertz O, Yee D. Climate change on three Polynesian outliers in the Solomon Islands: Impacts, vulnerability and adaptation. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography. 2009;109(1):1-13. doi:10.1080/00167223.2009.10649592
Pardo Martínez CI, Alfonso WH. Climate change in Colombia: A study to evaluate trends and perspectives for achieving sustainable development from society. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2018;10(4):632-652. doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2017-0087
Cashman A, Nurse L, John C. Climate change in the Caribbean: The water management implications. The Journal of Environment & Development. 2010;19(1):42-67. doi:10.1177/1070496509347088
Pielke R, Landsea C, Mayfield M, Laver J, Pasch R. Reply to “Hurricanes and Global Warming—Potential Linkages and Consequences.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 2006;87(5):628-632. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26217170
Rodríguez-Cruz LA, Niles MT. Awareness of climate change's impacts and motivation to adapt are not enough to drive action: A look at Puerto Rican farmers after Hurricane Maria. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(1): e0244512. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244512
Shultz JM, Sands DE, Kossin JP, Galea S. Double environmental injustice—Climate change, Hurricane Dorian, and the Bahamas. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020;382(1):1-3. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1912965
Berberoğlu S, Dönmez C, Çilek A. İklim değişikliği senaryoları altında konumsal modelleme kullanarak Türkiye’nin çevresel risk analizi: Net birincil üretim örneği. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2016;31(ÖS2):107-116. doi:10.21605/cukurovaummfd.316723
Tekin MK. Küresel iklim değişiminin göçler üzerine etkileri ve Türkiye’ye dair öngörüler [doktora tezi]. Van: Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi; 2023.
Bağdatlı C, Bellitürk K. Negative effects of climate change in Turkey. Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research. 2016;3(2):44-46.
Çavuş K, Kaya AA. Afetler, depremler ve kitlesel zorunlu göç akınları: Kahramanmaraş merkezli depremler üzerinden bir değerlendirme. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2024;7(1):195-209. doi:10.35341/afet.1378410
İlter MS. Kırsal yoksulluk, göç ve afet ilişkisi: “Zeytinköy orman yangını örneği.” Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2019;2(2):80-94. doi:10.35341/afet.572197
Kolukırık S, Arslan DA, Gökalp Yılmaz G. Orman yangınlarının toplumsal etkileri ve görünümü: Medya paylaşımlarında 2021 büyük Antalya-Manavgat yangını. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2022;5(2):560-580. doi:10.35341/afet.1086418
Üstün YM. Antropojenik iklim değişikliğine bağlı deniz seviyesi değişiminin Sinop Yarımadası’na olası etkileri. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2019;2(2):64-79. doi:10.35341/afet.567218
Moullec F, Velez L, Verley P, et al. Capturing the big picture of Mediterranean marine biodiversity with an end-to-end model of climate and fishing impacts. Progress in Oceanography. 2019; 178:102179. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2019.102179
Neira M, Erguler K, Ahmady-Birgani H, et al. Climate change and human health in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East: Literature review, research priorities, and policy suggestions. Environmental Research. 2023;216(Pt 2):114537. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2022.114537
US Global Change Research Program. The impacts of climate change on human health in the United States: A scientific assessment. Edited by Allison Crimmins, John Balbus, Janet L. Gamble, et al. Washington, DC: USGCRP; 2016. doi:10.7930/J0R49NQX
McMichael AJ, Woodruff RE, Hales S. Climate change and human health: Present and future risks. The Lancet. 2006;367(9513):859-869. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3
Watts N, Amann M, Arnell N, et al. The 2019 report of The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: Ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate. The Lancet. 2019;394(10211):1836-1878. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32596-6
Braunisch V, Coppes J, Arlettaz R, et al. Underpinning the precautionary principle with evidence: A spatial concept for guiding wind power development in endangered species’ habitats. Journal for Nature Conservation. 2015; 24:31-40. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2015.01.003
Roelfsema M, Fekete H, Höhne N, et al. Reducing global GHG emissions by replicating successful sector examples: The ‘good practice policies’ scenario. Climate Policy. 2018;18(9):1103-1113.
Bodansky D, Brunnée J, Rajamani L. International Climate Change Law. Oxford University Press; 2017.
Pages
133-144
Published
January 22, 2025
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