Vatandaşlık ve Katılımcı Demokrasi
Özet
Bu çalışma, kişilerin vatandaşlık ve demokrasi anlayışları ile sivil ve siyasi katılımları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, bu çalışma ilgili ulusal ve uluslararası literatürdeki önemli teorik ve ampirik araştırmaları gözden geçirerek, Türkiye bağlamına da odaklanarak farklı vatandaşlık ve demokrasi kavramsallaştırmalarının kişilerin sivil topluma ve siyasi süreçlere katılımını nasıl etkilediğini ortaya koymaktadır. Literatürdeki teorik ve ampirik araştırmalar çeşitli vatandaşlık normlarının ve demokrasi anlayışlarının olduğunu ve bunların kişilerin sivil ve siyasi katılımlarını etkilediğini göstermiştir. Katılım, özerklik ve dayanışma gibi aktif vatandaşlık normlarına sahip kişilerin protesto gibi geleneksel olmayan siyasal katılım biçimlerini gerçekleştirme ihtimali, ödev ve sorumlulukları vurgulayan görev temelli vatandaşlık normlarına sahip kişilere göre daha yüksektir. Benzer olarak, demokrasiyi bireysel hak ve özgürlükler ve vatandaşların karar verme süreçlerine katılımı olarak tanımlayan kişilerin geleneksel olmayan siyasal katılım biçimlerini gerçekleştirme ihtimali, demokrasiyi oy verme açısından tanımlayanlara göre daha yüksektir.
Referanslar
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Akboga, S., & Sahin, O. (2021). Satisfaction with democracy in Turkey: Findings from a national survey. Politics, 41(2), 207-223.
Alacapınar, F. G. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin demokrasi konusundaki değerleri. Pearson Journal, 5(5), 117–131.
Altınoğlu, E. (2022). Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık Normları ve Siyasal Katılımsızlık. Mülkiye Dergisi, 46(4), 949-991.
Ariely, G. (2014). Democracy-Assessment in Cross-National Surveys: A Critical Examination of How People Evaluate Their Regime. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 621-635.
Bakule, J. (2021). The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Linking Democratic Values and Participation in the Czech Republic. Democratization, 28(2), 353-371.
Barrett, M., & Brunton-Smith, I. (2014). Political and Civic Engagement and Participation: Integrative Perspective. Journal of Civil Society, 10(1), 5-28.
Baviskar, S., & Malone, M.F. (2004). What Democracy Means to Citizens—and Why It Matters. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 76, 3-23.
Bee, C., & Kaya, A. (2016). Youth and active citizenship in Turkey: engagement, participation and emancipation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 17(1), 129-143.
Bengtsson, Å., & Christensen, H. (2016). Ideals and Actions: Do Citizens’ Patterns of Political Participation Correspond to their Conceptions of Democracy? Government and Opposition, 51, 234-260.
Bennett, W.L. (2008). Changing citizenship in the digital age. W.L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (s. 1-24). The MIT Press.
Bolzendahl, C., & Coffe, H. (2013). Are ‘Good” Citizens ‘Good’ Participants? Testing Citizenship Norms and Political Participation Across 25 Nations. Political Studies, 61(1):45-65.
Bratton, M. (2003). Briefing Islam, democracy and public opinion in Africa. African Affairs, 102(408), 493–501.
Bratton, M., & Mattes, R. (2001). Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic orInstrumental? British Journal of Political Science, 31(3), 447–474.
Canache, D. (2012). Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structural Complexity, Substantive Content, and Political Significance. Comparative Political Studies, 45(9), 1132-1158.
Carrión, J.F. (2008). Illiberal Democracy and Normative Democracy: How is Democracy Defined in the Americas? M. A. Selison (Ed.), Challenges to Democracy in Latin American and the Caribbean: Evidence from the AmericasBarometer 2006–2007 (s. 21-52). United States Association for International Development.
Ceren-Cenker, C.I., Çakmaklı, D., & Karakoç, E. (2021). Rights and responsibilities: Citizenship norms and protest activity in a cross-country analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 102(4), 1394-1407.
Cho, Y. (2015). How Well are Global Citizenries Informed about Democracy? Ascertaining the Breadth and Distribution of Their Democratic Enlightenment and Its Sources. Political Studies, 63(1), 240-258.
Cinar, K., & Bulbul, A. (2021). Varieties of Democratic Understanding and Political Participation: Multi-Level Evidence from the World.” Contemporary Politics, 28(4), 469-489.
Crow, D. (2010). The Party’s Over: Citizen Conceptions of Democracy and Political Dissatisfaction in Mexico. Comparative Politics, 43(1), 41-61.
Çakmaklı, D. (2023). Vatandaşlığın dönüşümü: Türkiye’de farklı vatandaşlık normlarına eğilimler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 111-122.
Çarkoğlu, A., & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2014). Türkiye’de ve dünyada vatandaşlık. https://bilimakademisi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/T%C3%BCrkiyede-ve-Dunyada-Vatandaslik-2014-1.pdf
Çelikadam, C., & Cesur, S. (2023). Demokrasinin Gündelik Kavramsallaştırması: Keşifsel Bir İnceleme. Medya ve Kültür Çalışmalar Dergisi, 22, 1-19.
Dagger, G. (2002). Republican citizenship. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 145-158). Sage Publications.
Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Yale University Press.
Dalton, R. J., Shin, D. C., & Jou, W. (2007). Understanding Democracy: Data from Unlikely Places.” Journal of Democracy, 18(4),142-156.
Dalton, R. J. (2008). Citizenship Norms and the Expansion of Political Participation. Political Studies, 56(1), 76–98.
Delanty, G. (2002). Communitarianism and Citizenship. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 159-176). Sage Publications.
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2022: The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule.
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2024: The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict.
Heater, D. (2004). Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education. Manchester University Press.
Hechter, M., & Opp, K.D. (2001). Introduction. M. Hechter & K.D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms (s. xi-xx). Russell Sage Foundation.
Heper, M. (1998). Türkiye’de unutulan halk ve birey. A. Ünsal (Ed.), 75 yılda tebaadan yurttaşa doğru (s. 43-48). Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Inglehart, R. (2000). Culture and democracy. E. Harrison & P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture matters: How values shape human progress (s. 80-97). Basic Books.
Isin, E.F., & Turner, B.S. (2002). Citizenship studies: An introduction. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 1-10). Sage Publications.
Galais, C., & Blais, A. (2016). Beyond Rationalization: Voting Out of Duty or Expressing Duty after Voting? International Political Science Review, 37(2), 213-229.
Gherghina, S., & Geissel, B. (2017). Linking Democratic Preferences and Political Participation: Evidence from Germany. Political Studies, 65(1), 24-42.
Hooghe, M., Oser, J., & Marien, S. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of ‘Good Citizenship’: A Latent Class Analysis of Adolescents Citizenship Norms in 38 Countries. International Political Science Review, 37(1), 115-129.
Huang, M., Chu, Y., & Chang, Y. (2013). Popular Understanding of Democracy and Regime Legitimacy. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 9(1), 147-171.
Kadıoğlu, A., Keyman, F., & Çakmaklı, D. (2016). Vatandaşlık Araştırması 2016. İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi.
Kancı, T. (2014). Citizenship and the Pedagogical State in Turkey. M. Micheletti (Ed.), Democratization and citizenship discourses in the Mena region (s. 139-166). Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul.
Kemahlıoğlu, Ö., & Keyman, F. (2011). Türkiye’de demokrasi algısı. Istanbul: Istanbul Policy Center.
Keyman, E. F., & İçduygu A., (Eds.) (2005). Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
Knutsen, C. H., & Wegmann, S. (2016). Is democracy about redistribution? Democratization, 23(1), 164–192.
Kornberg, A., & Clarke, H. D. (1994). Beliefs about Democracy and Satisfaction with Democratic Government: The Canadian Case. Political Research Quarterly, 47(3), 537-563.
Kymlicka, W. (1996). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford University Press.
Lu, J. (2013). Democratic Conceptions in East Asian Societies: A Contextualized Analysis. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 9(1), 117–145.
Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge University Press.
Mattes, R., & Bratton, M. (2007). Learning about Democracy in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 192-217.
Mayne, Q., & Geißel, B. (2018). Don’t Good Democracies Need ‘Good’ Citizens? Citizen Dispositions and the Study of Democratic Quality. Politics and Governance, 6(1), 33–47.
Miller, A., Hesli, V., & Reisinger, W. (1997). Conceptions of Democracy among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies. British Journal of Political Science, 27, 157-90.
Norris, P. (1999). Introduction: The growth of global citizens? Pippa Norris (Ed.), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government (s. 1-28). Oxford University Press.
Norris, P. (2011). Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge University Press.
Oser, J., & Hooghe, M. (2018). Democratic Ideals and Levels of Political Participation: The Role of Political and Social Conceptualisations of Democracy. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20(3), 711–730.
Przeworski, A. (2004). Democracy and Economic Development. E. D. Mansfield & R. Sisson (Eds.), The Evolution of Political Knowledge: Democracy, Autonomy, and Conflict in Comparative and International Politics (s. 300-324). Ohio State University Press.
Raney, T., & Berdahl, L. (2009). Birds of a Feather? Citizenship Norms, Group Identity, and Political Participation in Western Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 42(1), 187-209.
Schuck, P. H. (2002). Liberal citizenship. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 131-144). Sage Publications.
Schnaudt, C., van Deth, J. W., Zorell, C., & Theocharis, Y. (2024). Revisiting norms of citizenship in times of democratic change. Politics, 44(3), 352-369.
Schumpeter, J.A. (2003). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Routledge.
Sen, A., & Starkey, H. (2017). The Rise and Fall of Citizenship and Human Rights Education in Turkey. Journal of Social Science Education, 16(4), 84-96.
Shin, D.C., & Cho, Y. (2010). How East Asians Understand Democracy from a Comparative Perspective. ASIEN, 116, 21–40.
Soysal, Y. (1994). The Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. The University of Chicago Press.
Stebe, J. (2012). Support for democracy and meanings for democracy: Equality and freedom. Teorija in Praksa, 49(3), 516-543.
Steenekamp, C., & Loubser, R. (2016). Active Citizenship: A Comparative Study of Selected Young and Established Democracies. Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 43(1), 117-134.
Temple, L. (2016). Popular conceptions of democracy in international perspective – what people think it is, and how it affects their political behaviour (Basılmamış doktora tezi). University of Sheffield.
Tessler, M., & Altinoglu, E. (2004). Political culture in Turkey: Connections among attitudes toward democracy, the military and Islam. Democratization, 11(1), 21–50.
Tessler, M., Jamal, A., & Robbins, M. (2012). New Findings on Arabs and Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 89-103.
Uyan-Semerci, P. (2024). Vatandaşlık. A. Bekmen (Ed.), Siyaset sosyolojisi: Siyasallaşmanın alanları, özneleri ve araçları (s. 115-133). İletişim Yayınları.
Ünsal, A. (1998). 75 yılda tebaadan yurttaşa doğru. Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Van Deth, J. (2007). Norms of Citizenship. R. J. Dalton & H.D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour (s. 402-17). Oxford University Press.
Yeğen, M. (2004). Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(6), 51-66.
Welzel, C. (2007). Are levels of democracy affected by mass attitudes? Testing attainment and sustainment effects on democracy. International Political Science Review, 28(4), 397-424.
Welzel, C., & Deutsch, F. (2012). Emancipative values and non-violent protest: The importance of ‘ecological’ effects. British Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 465-479.
Zagrebina, A. (2020). Concepts of Democracy in Democratic and Nondemocratic Countries. International Political Science Review, 41(2), 174-191.
Zhai, Y. (2019). Popular Conceptions of Democracy and Democratic Satisfaction in China. International Political Science Review, 40(2), 246-262.
Akboga, S., & Sahin, O. (2021). Satisfaction with democracy in Turkey: Findings from a national survey. Politics, 41(2), 207-223.
Alacapınar, F. G. (2020). Üniversite öğrencilerinin demokrasi konusundaki değerleri. Pearson Journal, 5(5), 117–131.
Altınoğlu, E. (2022). Türkiye’de Vatandaşlık Normları ve Siyasal Katılımsızlık. Mülkiye Dergisi, 46(4), 949-991.
Ariely, G. (2014). Democracy-Assessment in Cross-National Surveys: A Critical Examination of How People Evaluate Their Regime. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 621-635.
Bakule, J. (2021). The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Linking Democratic Values and Participation in the Czech Republic. Democratization, 28(2), 353-371.
Barrett, M., & Brunton-Smith, I. (2014). Political and Civic Engagement and Participation: Integrative Perspective. Journal of Civil Society, 10(1), 5-28.
Baviskar, S., & Malone, M.F. (2004). What Democracy Means to Citizens—and Why It Matters. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 76, 3-23.
Bee, C., & Kaya, A. (2016). Youth and active citizenship in Turkey: engagement, participation and emancipation. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 17(1), 129-143.
Bengtsson, Å., & Christensen, H. (2016). Ideals and Actions: Do Citizens’ Patterns of Political Participation Correspond to their Conceptions of Democracy? Government and Opposition, 51, 234-260.
Bennett, W.L. (2008). Changing citizenship in the digital age. W.L. Bennett (Ed.), Civic Life Online: Learning How Digital Media Can Engage Youth (s. 1-24). The MIT Press.
Bolzendahl, C., & Coffe, H. (2013). Are ‘Good” Citizens ‘Good’ Participants? Testing Citizenship Norms and Political Participation Across 25 Nations. Political Studies, 61(1):45-65.
Bratton, M. (2003). Briefing Islam, democracy and public opinion in Africa. African Affairs, 102(408), 493–501.
Bratton, M., & Mattes, R. (2001). Support for Democracy in Africa: Intrinsic orInstrumental? British Journal of Political Science, 31(3), 447–474.
Canache, D. (2012). Citizens’ Conceptualizations of Democracy: Structural Complexity, Substantive Content, and Political Significance. Comparative Political Studies, 45(9), 1132-1158.
Carrión, J.F. (2008). Illiberal Democracy and Normative Democracy: How is Democracy Defined in the Americas? M. A. Selison (Ed.), Challenges to Democracy in Latin American and the Caribbean: Evidence from the AmericasBarometer 2006–2007 (s. 21-52). United States Association for International Development.
Ceren-Cenker, C.I., Çakmaklı, D., & Karakoç, E. (2021). Rights and responsibilities: Citizenship norms and protest activity in a cross-country analysis. Social Science Quarterly, 102(4), 1394-1407.
Cho, Y. (2015). How Well are Global Citizenries Informed about Democracy? Ascertaining the Breadth and Distribution of Their Democratic Enlightenment and Its Sources. Political Studies, 63(1), 240-258.
Cinar, K., & Bulbul, A. (2021). Varieties of Democratic Understanding and Political Participation: Multi-Level Evidence from the World.” Contemporary Politics, 28(4), 469-489.
Crow, D. (2010). The Party’s Over: Citizen Conceptions of Democracy and Political Dissatisfaction in Mexico. Comparative Politics, 43(1), 41-61.
Çakmaklı, D. (2023). Vatandaşlığın dönüşümü: Türkiye’de farklı vatandaşlık normlarına eğilimler. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 23(1), 111-122.
Çarkoğlu, A., & Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2014). Türkiye’de ve dünyada vatandaşlık. https://bilimakademisi.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/T%C3%BCrkiyede-ve-Dunyada-Vatandaslik-2014-1.pdf
Çelikadam, C., & Cesur, S. (2023). Demokrasinin Gündelik Kavramsallaştırması: Keşifsel Bir İnceleme. Medya ve Kültür Çalışmalar Dergisi, 22, 1-19.
Dagger, G. (2002). Republican citizenship. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 145-158). Sage Publications.
Dahl, R. A. (1971). Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. Yale University Press.
Dalton, R. J., Shin, D. C., & Jou, W. (2007). Understanding Democracy: Data from Unlikely Places.” Journal of Democracy, 18(4),142-156.
Dalton, R. J. (2008). Citizenship Norms and the Expansion of Political Participation. Political Studies, 56(1), 76–98.
Delanty, G. (2002). Communitarianism and Citizenship. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 159-176). Sage Publications.
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2022: The Global Expansion of Authoritarian Rule. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2022/global-expansion-authoritarian-rule.
Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2024: The Mounting Damage of Flawed Elections and Armed Conflict. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2024/mounting-damage-flawed-elections-and-armed-conflict.
Heater, D. (2004). Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History, Politics and Education. Manchester University Press.
Hechter, M., & Opp, K.D. (2001). Introduction. M. Hechter & K.D. Opp (Eds.), Social Norms (s. xi-xx). Russell Sage Foundation.
Heper, M. (1998). Türkiye’de unutulan halk ve birey. A. Ünsal (Ed.), 75 yılda tebaadan yurttaşa doğru (s. 43-48). Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Inglehart, R. (2000). Culture and democracy. E. Harrison & P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture matters: How values shape human progress (s. 80-97). Basic Books.
Isin, E.F., & Turner, B.S. (2002). Citizenship studies: An introduction. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 1-10). Sage Publications.
Galais, C., & Blais, A. (2016). Beyond Rationalization: Voting Out of Duty or Expressing Duty after Voting? International Political Science Review, 37(2), 213-229.
Gherghina, S., & Geissel, B. (2017). Linking Democratic Preferences and Political Participation: Evidence from Germany. Political Studies, 65(1), 24-42.
Hooghe, M., Oser, J., & Marien, S. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of ‘Good Citizenship’: A Latent Class Analysis of Adolescents Citizenship Norms in 38 Countries. International Political Science Review, 37(1), 115-129.
Huang, M., Chu, Y., & Chang, Y. (2013). Popular Understanding of Democracy and Regime Legitimacy. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 9(1), 147-171.
Kadıoğlu, A., Keyman, F., & Çakmaklı, D. (2016). Vatandaşlık Araştırması 2016. İstanbul Politikalar Merkezi.
Kancı, T. (2014). Citizenship and the Pedagogical State in Turkey. M. Micheletti (Ed.), Democratization and citizenship discourses in the Mena region (s. 139-166). Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul.
Kemahlıoğlu, Ö., & Keyman, F. (2011). Türkiye’de demokrasi algısı. Istanbul: Istanbul Policy Center.
Keyman, E. F., & İçduygu A., (Eds.) (2005). Citizenship in a global world: European questions and Turkish experiences. Routledge.
Knutsen, C. H., & Wegmann, S. (2016). Is democracy about redistribution? Democratization, 23(1), 164–192.
Kornberg, A., & Clarke, H. D. (1994). Beliefs about Democracy and Satisfaction with Democratic Government: The Canadian Case. Political Research Quarterly, 47(3), 537-563.
Kymlicka, W. (1996). Multicultural citizenship: A liberal theory of minority rights. Oxford University Press.
Lu, J. (2013). Democratic Conceptions in East Asian Societies: A Contextualized Analysis. Taiwan Journal of Democracy, 9(1), 117–145.
Marshall, T.H. (1950). Citizenship and Social Class and Other Essays. Cambridge University Press.
Mattes, R., & Bratton, M. (2007). Learning about Democracy in Africa. American Journal of Political Science, 51, 192-217.
Mayne, Q., & Geißel, B. (2018). Don’t Good Democracies Need ‘Good’ Citizens? Citizen Dispositions and the Study of Democratic Quality. Politics and Governance, 6(1), 33–47.
Miller, A., Hesli, V., & Reisinger, W. (1997). Conceptions of Democracy among Mass and Elite in Post-Soviet Societies. British Journal of Political Science, 27, 157-90.
Norris, P. (1999). Introduction: The growth of global citizens? Pippa Norris (Ed.), Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government (s. 1-28). Oxford University Press.
Norris, P. (2011). Democratic Deficit: Critical Citizens Revisited. Cambridge University Press.
Oser, J., & Hooghe, M. (2018). Democratic Ideals and Levels of Political Participation: The Role of Political and Social Conceptualisations of Democracy. British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 20(3), 711–730.
Przeworski, A. (2004). Democracy and Economic Development. E. D. Mansfield & R. Sisson (Eds.), The Evolution of Political Knowledge: Democracy, Autonomy, and Conflict in Comparative and International Politics (s. 300-324). Ohio State University Press.
Raney, T., & Berdahl, L. (2009). Birds of a Feather? Citizenship Norms, Group Identity, and Political Participation in Western Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue Canadienne de Science Politique, 42(1), 187-209.
Schuck, P. H. (2002). Liberal citizenship. E.F. Isın & B.S. Turner (Eds.), Handbook of citizenship studies (s. 131-144). Sage Publications.
Schnaudt, C., van Deth, J. W., Zorell, C., & Theocharis, Y. (2024). Revisiting norms of citizenship in times of democratic change. Politics, 44(3), 352-369.
Schumpeter, J.A. (2003). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Routledge.
Sen, A., & Starkey, H. (2017). The Rise and Fall of Citizenship and Human Rights Education in Turkey. Journal of Social Science Education, 16(4), 84-96.
Shin, D.C., & Cho, Y. (2010). How East Asians Understand Democracy from a Comparative Perspective. ASIEN, 116, 21–40.
Soysal, Y. (1994). The Limits of Citizenship: Migrants and Postnational Membership in Europe. The University of Chicago Press.
Stebe, J. (2012). Support for democracy and meanings for democracy: Equality and freedom. Teorija in Praksa, 49(3), 516-543.
Steenekamp, C., & Loubser, R. (2016). Active Citizenship: A Comparative Study of Selected Young and Established Democracies. Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies, 43(1), 117-134.
Temple, L. (2016). Popular conceptions of democracy in international perspective – what people think it is, and how it affects their political behaviour (Basılmamış doktora tezi). University of Sheffield.
Tessler, M., & Altinoglu, E. (2004). Political culture in Turkey: Connections among attitudes toward democracy, the military and Islam. Democratization, 11(1), 21–50.
Tessler, M., Jamal, A., & Robbins, M. (2012). New Findings on Arabs and Democracy. Journal of Democracy, 23(4), 89-103.
Uyan-Semerci, P. (2024). Vatandaşlık. A. Bekmen (Ed.), Siyaset sosyolojisi: Siyasallaşmanın alanları, özneleri ve araçları (s. 115-133). İletişim Yayınları.
Ünsal, A. (1998). 75 yılda tebaadan yurttaşa doğru. Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
Van Deth, J. (2007). Norms of Citizenship. R. J. Dalton & H.D. Klingemann (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Behaviour (s. 402-17). Oxford University Press.
Yeğen, M. (2004). Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey. Middle Eastern Studies, 40(6), 51-66.
Welzel, C. (2007). Are levels of democracy affected by mass attitudes? Testing attainment and sustainment effects on democracy. International Political Science Review, 28(4), 397-424.
Welzel, C., & Deutsch, F. (2012). Emancipative values and non-violent protest: The importance of ‘ecological’ effects. British Journal of Political Science, 42(2), 465-479.
Zagrebina, A. (2020). Concepts of Democracy in Democratic and Nondemocratic Countries. International Political Science Review, 41(2), 174-191.
Zhai, Y. (2019). Popular Conceptions of Democracy and Democratic Satisfaction in China. International Political Science Review, 40(2), 246-262.
Cilt
Sayfalar
69-86
Yayınlanan
4 Şubat 2025
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı
