Child Abuse and Nursing Management
Özet
Child abuse is primarily categorized into three main types: sexual abuse, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. Sexual abuse can be exemplified by exposing a child to sexually explicit content or using a child for sexual gratification. Physical abuse can be exemplified by actions such as shaking, hitting, or pushing a child. Emotional abuse includes behaviors such as humiliating the child, telling them you don’t love them, and failing to appreciate their achievements. Child abuse is a difficult but increasingly widespread condition that threatens childrens health. There are many reasons for the difficulty in defining child abuse. The most important is that children may not be mature enough to adequately express and defend themselves. Furthermore, the insufficient reporting of child abuse is another significant problem, leaving children alone with their abusers. One of the biggest obstacles to reporting child abuse is the lack of sufficient knowledge about abuse among healthcare professionals who frequently encounter children with health problems. Another problem is their hesitation in reporting abuse. The main hesitations of healthcare professionals include uncertainty, fear of the child being subjected to violence by their family, not knowing how to report the incident, and not being aware of their reporting responsibilities. However, the rate at which abused children seek help from healthcare facilities has been steadily increasing. Furthermore, childhood abuse is a situation that causes serious health problems affecting children in later life. Therefore, examining this issue and creating a resource that will benefit healthcare professionals, especially nurses, is crucial for them to acquire the necessary information.
Referanslar
Baysal SU. (2014). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali, Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıklarında Tanı ve Tedavi Kılavuzları-2, Türkiye Milli Pediatri Derneği.
Bennett, CE, Christian, CW (2021). Fiziksel istismardan şüphelenilen çocukların klinik değerlendirmesi ve yönetimi. Pediatr Radiol 51 , 853–860 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00247-020-04864-1
Bernet W, Greenhill LL. (2022). The Five-Factor Model for the Diagnosis of Parental Alienation. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. May;61(5):591-594. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2021.11.026. Epub 2021 Dec 17. PMID: 34929321.
Collins S, Orth T, Brunton R, Dryer R. (2023). Child abuse and wellbeing: Examining the roles of self-compassion and fear of self. Child Abuse Negl. Apr;138:106089. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106089. Epub 2023 Feb 8. PMID: 36764171.
Carvalho Silva R, Oliva F, Barlati S, Perusi G, Meattini M, Dashi E, Colombi N, Vaona A, Carletto S, Minelli A. (2024). Childhood neglect, the neglected trauma. A systematic review and meta-analysis of its prevalence in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res. May;335:115881. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115881. Epub 2024 Mar 28. PMID: 38579459.
Çelik C, Pehlivan R, Kınay Ş, Selim M, Özkan A, Dinçer M, Öztürk E, Tortop Z. (2025). İstismar ile Mücadele Rehber Kitapçığı. Erişim adresi: https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/2499/cocuk-bakim-kuruluslarinda-calisan-personele-yonelik-istismarla-mucadele-rehber-kitapcigi.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2025
Daley SF, Gonzalez D, Bethencourt Mirabal A et al. (2025). Çocuk İstismarı ve İhmali (Hemşirelik) [Güncellendi 11 Nisan 2025]. StatPearls [İnternet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Yayıncılık; Ocak-. Erişim adresi: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK568689/
Di Lorenzo P, Casella C, Dei Medici S, Policino F, Capasso E, Niola M. (2023). Child Abuse: Adherence of Clinical Management to Guidelines for Diagnosis of Physical Maltreatment and Neglect in Emergency Settings. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Mar 15;20(6):5145. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20065145. PMID: 36982056; PMCID: PMC10049689.
Gözen D, (Edt. Yıldız S, Gözen D, Balcı S, Çağlar S, Mutlu B), Hemşirelik Bakımı IV, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık Ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi, ss.424-430; Erişim adresi: http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/hemsirelik_ao/hemsirelikbakimi4.pdf; Erişim tarihi: 04.02.2026.
Hoffmann F, Heim C. (2024). Emotionaler Missbrauch in Kindheit und Jugend – Biologische Einbettung und klinische Implikationen [Emotional Abuse in Childhood and Adolescence: Biological Embedding and Clinical Implications]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr. Jan;73(1):4-27. doi: 10.13109/prkk.2024.73.1.4. PMID: 38275227.
HSGM, 2025; Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/tr/ihmal-istismar.html. Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2025
Jenny, C., Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, Jenny, C., Crawford-Jakubiak, J. E., Christian, C. W., ... & Sege, R. D. (2013). The evaluation of children in the primary care setting when sexual abuse is suspected. Pediatrics, 132(2), e558-e567.
Kim K, Moss C, Park JJ, Wekerle C. (2022). Child Maltreatment and the Child Welfare System as Environmental Factors in the International Classification of Functioning. Front Rehabil Sci. Jan 17;2:710629. doi: 10.3389/fresc.2021.710629. PMID: 36188868; PMCID: PMC9397842.
Kleinle S, Ngo H, Goldberg AP, Cohen RS. (2013). A History of Child Abuse Pediatrics: Training, Research, and Clinical Diagnosis. R I Med J, Nov 1;106(10):10-14. PMID: 37890057.
Lines L, Grant J, Hutton A. (2018). How Do Nurses Keep Children Safe From Abuse and Neglect, and Does it Make a Difference? A Scoping Review. J Pediatr Nurs. Nov-Dec;43:e75-e84. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2018.07.010. Epub 2018 Jul 29. PMID: 30064706.
Overton J. (2022). Child Abuse: Recognition, Reporting, and Response. J Christ Nurs. Apr-Jun 01;39(2):104-111. doi: 10.1097/CNJ.0000000000000942. PMID: 35255029.
Reith W, Yilmaz U, Kraus C. (2016). Shaken-Baby-Syndrom [Shaken baby syndrome]. Radiologe. May;56(5):424-31. German. doi: 10.1007/s00117-016-0106-x. PMID: 27118366.
Sherry DD, Gmuca S, Christian CW. (2022). Recognizing medical child abuse in children presenting with chronic pain. Br J Pain. Aug;16(4):433-438. doi: 10.1177/20494637221075186. Epub 2022 Feb 24. PMID: 36032349; PMCID: PMC9411756.
Slep AMS, Rhoades KA, Lorber MF, Heyman RE.(2024). Glimpsing the Iceberg: Parent-Child Physical Aggression and Abuse. Child Maltreat. May;29(2):219-232. doi: 10.1177/10775595221112921. Epub 2022 Dec 5. PMID: 36469944.
Strathearn L, Giannotti M, Mills R, Kisely S, Najman J, Abajobir A. (2020). Long-term Cognitive, Psychological, and Health Outcomes Associated With Child Abuse and Neglect. Pediatrics. Oct;146(4):e20200438. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0438. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID: 32943535; PMCID: PMC7786831.
Suniega EA, Krenek L, Stewart G. (2022). Child Abuse: Approach and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2022 May 1;105(5):521-528. PMID: 35559624.
Tian L, Zhou Z, Huebner ES. (2023). Association between emotional abuse and depressive symptoms in Chinese children: The mediating role of emotion regulation. Child Abuse Negl. May;139:106135. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106135. Epub 2023 Mar 14. PMID: 36924624.
WHO, 2022; Erişim Adresi: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/361272/9789240048737-eng.pdf?sequence=1. Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2025
WHO, 2025; Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/child-maltreatment, Erişim Tarihi: 09.09.2025
Yavaş Çelik. (2025). Pediatri Hemşireliği ve Güncel Bakım Yaklaşımları. Livre De Lyon Yayın Evi. 37 rue marietton, 69009, Lyon France. ss:88-113. e-ISBN: 978-2-38236-935-7 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17408369.
Yıldız E, Tanrıverdi D. (2018). Child neglect and abuse: a global glimpse within the framework of evidence perspective. Int Nurs Rev Sep;65(3):370-380. doi: 10.1111/inr.12435. Epub 2018 Mar 1. PMID: 29493790.
Zeidan NA, Bukhamseen FM, Al-Qassab AT, Alsadah FZ, Menezes RG. (2023). Cutaneous mimickers of physical child abuse: A brief overview. Med Leg J. Mar;91(1):26-29. doi: 10.1177/00258172211062295. Epub 2022 Feb 14. PMID: 35156441.
