Avrupa’da Yükselen Radikal Popülist Sağ Siyasi Akımın AfD Örneği Üzerinden Okunması
Özet
ABD’nin güney eyaletlerinde yer alan ve iç savaşta ırkçılık ve ayrımcılığın simgeleri olan görülen kişilerin heykellerinin kaldırılması sürecinde Charlottesville'deki Konfederasyon ordusu komutanı Robert Edward Lee'yi simgeleyen heykelin kaldırılacağı yönünde açıklamalar yapıldı. Sosyal medya çağrıları neticesinde, 12 Ağustos 2017 tarihinde Nazi simgeleri ile sokakları dolduran grupla ırkçılık karşıtı grubun karşılaşması çatışmaya dönüşürken beyaz üstünlüğünü savunan radikal sağ gruptan birinin ırkçılık karşıtı grubun üzerine araç sürülmesi sonucu bir kişi hayatını kaybetmiş, onlarca kişi yaralanmıştı. Bu olayın yarattığı etki 2010’lar itibariyle görünür olmaya başlayan ve kendine taraftar kazanma konusunda sıkıntı yaşamayan dünyanın dört bir yanındaki radikal sağ oluşumlara ve onların oluşturduklara eylemliliklere dikkat çekilmesini sağladı. Bu partilerin ortak özellikleri milliyetçilik, otoriterlik ve popülistliktir. Avrupa’da farklı devletler farklı tarihlerde siyasal ve toplumsal sistemlerinin içinde benzer bir süreçler yaşamaktadırlar. Nazi geçmişi nedeniyle radikal sağa karşı sert tutuma sahip Almanya ise bu kervana son katılanlardan ama son seçimlerde aldıkları oylar ve bazı bölgeleri domine etmeleri artık onlar içinde bu görüşün siyasi bir aktör konumuna geldiğinin ispatı niteliğindedir. AfD’nin toplumsal desteğindeki artış, Almanya’nın iç ve dış politikasında söylemlerinin iktidar partileri tarafından da kullanılmaya başlanmasına sebebiyet vermekle birlikte özellikle genç erkeklerden destek bulduğunu gösteren araştırmalarla gösteriyor ki AfD’den daha çok bahsedilmeye devam edilecektir.
Referanslar
AfD. “Courage to Stand up for Germany: For European Diversity: Party Program of the Alternative Für Deutschland for the Election to the European Parliament.” Alternative for Germany, 2014.
———. “Europawahlprogramm: Programm Der Alternative Für Deutschland Für Die Wahl Zum 9. Europäischen Parlament 2019,” 2019. www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/ sites/111/2019/03/AfD_Europawahlprogramm_A5-hoch_web_150319.pdf.
———. “Programm Für Deutschland: Das Grundsatzprogramm Der Alternative Für Deutschland,” 2016. www.alternativefuer.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/05/2016-06-27_afd-grund- satzprogramm_web-version.pdf.
———. “Programm Für Deutschland: Wahlprogramm Der Alternative Für Deutschland Für Die Wahl Zum Deutschen Bundestag Am 24,” 2017. www.afd.de/wp-content/ uploads/sites/111/2017/06/2017-06-01_AfD-Bundestagswahlprogramm_Onlinefas- sung.pdf.
Akkerman, Tjitske. “Comparing Radical Right Parties in Government: Immigration and Integration Policies in Nine Countries (1996–2010).” West European Politics 35, no. 3 (May 2012): 511–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.665738.
“Almanya’da Thüringen ve Saksonya Eyalet Seçimleri Federal Hükümeti Zorluyor,” March 9, 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/almanyada-thuringen-ve-saksonya-eyalet-secimleri-federal-hukumeti-zorluyor/3319922.
Aly, Götz. Why the Germans? Why the Jews?: Envy, Race Hatred, and the Prehistory of the Holocaust. Translated by Jefferson S. Chase. First Picador edition. New York: Picador, 2015.
Arzheimer, Kai. “The AfD: Finally a Successful Right-Wing Populist Eurosceptic Party for Germany?” West European Politics 38, no. 3 (May 4, 2015): 535–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1004230.
“Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçim Sonuçları Belli Oldu,” November 6, 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/avrupa-parlamentosu-secim-sonuclari-belli-oldu/3245181#.
“Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçimleri: Aşırı Sağ Güçlendi, ‘merkez’ Üstünlüğünü Korudu,” Haziran 2024. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c2eeg30p4mqo.
Berbuir, Nicole, Marcel Lewandowsky, and Jasmin Siri. “The AfD and Its Sympathisers: Finally a Right-Wing Populist Movement in Germany?” German Politics 24, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 154–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2014.982546.
Betz, Hans-Georg, and Fabian Habersack. “Regional Nativism in East Germany: The Case of the AfD.” In The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe, 110–35. London: Routledge, 2019.
Boran, Hilken Doğaç. “Almanya’nın Sınır Kontrolü Hamlesi, Avrupa ve Schengen Bölgesi Için Ne Anlama Geliyor?,” Eylül 2024. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c36n6d476z1o.
Canovan, Margaret. “Populism for Political Theorists?” Journal of Political Ideologies 9, no. 3 (October 2004): 241–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356931042000263500.
Chueri, Juliana. “Social Policy Outcomes of Government Participation by Radical Right Parties.” Party Politics 27, no. 6 (November 2021): 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820923496.
Coffe, Hilde. “Gender and the Radical Right.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, 200–211. Oxford University Press, 2018.
COSMO TÜRKÇE. “AfD’nin Ayak Sesleri- Almanya Nereye Gidiyor?” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000668054606.
———. “AfD’nin Önlenemeyen Yükselişi-Alman Siyaseti Nereye Gidiyor?” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000670408760.
———. “Almanya’da Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi-Türk Toplumu Tedirgin.” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000658625122.
———. “Almanya’da Müslüman Düşmanlığı.” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000660057175.
———. “Almanya’daki Gençler Hiç Olmadığı Kadar Siyasi,” n.d. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000674440550.
———. “AP Seçimlerinde Aşırı Sağ Damgası-Avrupa Nereye Gidiyor?” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000658460121.
Dancygier, Rafaela. “Another Progressive’s Dilemma: Immigration, the Radical Right & Threats to Gender Equality.” Daedalus 149, no. 1 (January 2020): 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01773.
De Lange, Sarah L., and Liza M. Mügge. “Gender and Right-Wing Populism in the Low Countries: Ideological Variations across Parties and Time.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014199.
“Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung.” Accessed November 24, 2024. https://erasmus-stiftung.de.
Dietze, Gabriele, and Julia Roth, eds. Right-Wing Populism and Gender: European Perspectives and Beyond. Gender Studies. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2020.
Donà, Alessia. “The Rise of the Radical Right in Italy: The Case of Fratelli d’Italia.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 27, no. 5 (October 20, 2022): 775–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2022.2113216.
Drolet, Jean-François, and Michael C. Williams. “The Radical Right, Realism, and the Politics of Conservatism in Postwar International Thought.” Review of International Studies 47, no. 3 (July 2021): 273–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210521000103.
Enggist, Matthias, and Michael Pinggera. “Radical Right Parties and Their Welfare State Stances – Not so Blurry after All?” West European Politics 45, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 102–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115.
Enrico, Glaser, Marius Hellwig, Simone Rafael, Judith Rahner, Jan Riebe, and Rachel Spicker. “Country Case Study Germany.” In Triump Of the Women? The Female Face of the Populist & Far Right in Europe, edited by Elisa Gutsche, 23–47. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2018. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/dialog/14636.pdf.
Euronews, AP. “Almanya, Solingen’deki Bıçaklı Saldırı Ardından Oktoberfest Için Güvenlik Önlemlerini Artırıyor,” September 19, 2024. https://tr.euronews.com/2024/09/19/almanya-solingendeki-bicakli-saldiri-ardindan-octoberfest-icin-guvenlik-onlemlerini-artiri.
Florin, Christiane. “Eine Brücke Zu Völkischem Denken.” Deutschlandfunk, May 12, 2017. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/christen-und-afd-eine-bruecke-zu-voelkischem-denken-100.html.
Gebhardt, Richard. “Der Kulturkampf Des Autoritären Populismus Gegen Die (Neo-)Liberalisierung Der Bundesrepublik Oder: Was Ist Der ‘Rechtsruck’?” In Das Gesicht Des Völkischen Populismus: Neue Herausforderungen Für Eine Kritische Rechtsextremismusforschung, edited by Alexander Häusler and Helmut Kellershohn, 38–56. Unrast, 2018.
Gidron, Noam, and Bart Bonikowski. “Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2459387.
Givens, Terri E. “The Radical Right Gender Gap.” Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 1 (February 2004): 30–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003260124.
Golder, Matt. “Far Right Parties in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science 19, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 477–97. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441.
Grimm, Robert. “The Rise of the German Eurosceptic Party Alternative Für Deutschland, between Ordoliberal Critique and Popular Anxiety.” International Political Science Review 36, no. 3 (June 2015): 264–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115575384.
Halikiopoulou, Daphne. “A Right‐wing Populist Momentum? A Review of 2017 Elections Across Europe.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. S1 (September 2018): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12769.
Halikiopoulou, Daphne, and Tim Vlandas. “The Rise of the Far Right in Debtor and Creditor European Countries: The Case of European Parliament Elections.” The Political Quarterly 86, no. 2 (April 2015): 279–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12168.
———. “Understanding Right-Wing Populism and What to Do about It.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4122538.
———. “Understanding Right-Wing Populism and What to Do about It.” FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG, 2022. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4122538.
Harteveld, Eelco, Wouter Van Der Brug, Stefan Dahlberg, and Andrej Kokkonen. “The Gender Gap in Populist Radical-Right Voting: Examining the Demand Side in Western and Eastern Europe.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 103–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024399.
Hawkins, Kirk A. Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511730245.
Heinisch, Reinhard, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe. Edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 1st ed. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in extremism and democracy: Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351265560.
Heinisch, Reinhard, and Annika Werner. “Who Do Populist Radical Right Parties Stand for? Representative Claims, Claim Acceptance and Descriptive Representation in the Austrian FPÖ and German AfD.” Representation 55, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 475–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1635196.
Höcke, Björn, and Sebastian Hennig. Nie zweimal in denselben Fluss. Politische Bühne. Originalton. Lüdinghausen Berlin: Manuscriptum, 2018.
Ivaldi, Gilles. “Contesting the EU in Times of Crisis: The Front National and Politics of Euroscepticism in France.” Politics 38, no. 3 (August 2018): 278–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718766787.
Kahmann, Bodo, and Marc Grimm. “AfD Und Judenbild. Eine Partei Im Spannungsfeld von Antisemitismus, Schuldabwehr Und Instrumenteller Israelsolidarität.” In AfD & FPÖ: Antisemitismus, Völkischer Nationalismus Und Geschlechterbilder, edited by Stephan Grigat, 41–59. nomos, 2017.
Kosova, Vera, Wolfgang Fuhl, and Artur Abramovych, eds. Was Juden zur AfD treibt: neues Judentum und neuer Konservatismus: jüdische Stimmen aus Deutschland. 1. Auflage. GHV Edition Zeitgeschichte. Bad Schussenried: Gerhard Hess Verlag, 2019.
Lang, Juliane. “Feindbild Feminismus: Familien- Und Geschlechterpolitik in Der AfD.” In AfD & FPÖ: Antisemitismus, Völkischer Nationalismus Und Geschlechterbilder, edited by Stephan Grigat. Nomos, 2017.
Leidinger, Christiane, and Heike Radvan. “Antifeminismus Und Familismus von Rechts.” In Völkisch-Autoritärer Populismus: Der Rechtsruck in Deutschland Und Die AfD, edited by Alexander Häusler, 93–100. Hamburg: VSA: Verlag, 2018.
Lemke, Christiane. “Right-Wing Populism and International Issues.” German Politics and Society 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 90–108. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2020.380204.
Mazzoleni, Oscar, and Gilles Ivaldi. “Economic Populist Sovereignism and Electoral Support for Radical Right-Wing Populism.” Political Studies 70, no. 2 (May 2022): 304–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720958567.
Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492037.
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. “Vox Populi or Vox Masculini ? Populism and Gender in Northern Europe and South America.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014197.
Niedermayer, Oskar. “Die Soziale Zusammensetzung Der Parteimitgliederschaften,” October 21, 2022. www.bpb.de/ politik/grundfragen/ parteien-in-deutschland/zahlen-und-fakten/140358/soziale-zusammensetzung.
Nöstlinger, Nette. “Germany Records Sharp Rise in Antisemitic Incidents.” Politico, Haziran 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/sharp-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-recorded-in-germany-october-7/.
Pazderski, Georg. “Die Bundesregierung Muss Endlich Gegen Den Aggressiven Islam Vorgehen,” March 27, 2018. https://www.afd.de/georg-pazderski-bundesregierung-verschweigt-tatsaechliche-kosten-fuer-fluechtlinge-2/.
Pfahl-Traughber, Armin. Die AfD und der Rechtsextremismus: Eine Analyse aus politikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Essentials. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019.
Quent, Matthias. Deutschland rechts außen: wie die Rechten nach der Macht greifen und wie wir sie stoppen können. Ungekürzte und aktualisierte Taschenbuchausgabe. München: Piper, 2021.
Rooduijn, Matthijs. “The Rise of the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe.” European View 14, no. 1 (June 2015): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-015-0347-5.
Salzborn, Samuel. “Antisemitism in the ‘Alternative for Germany’ Party.” German Politics and Society 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 74–93. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2018.360304.
Sauer, Birgit. “Authoritarian Right-Wing Populism as Masculinist Identity Politics: The Role of Effects.” In Right-Wing Populism and Gender: European Perspectives and Beyond, Bielefeld., 23–39. 2020, n.d.
Schellenberg, Britta. “Developments within the Radical Right in Germany: Discourses, Attitudes and Actors Britta.” In Right-Wing Populism in Europe Politics and Discourse, 149–62. Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
Siri, Jasmin. “Geschlechterpolitische Positionen der Partei Alternative für Deutschland.” In Die Alternative für Deutschland, edited by Alexander Häusler, 69–80. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10638-6_6.
———. “The Alternative for Germany after the 2017 Election.” German Politics 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 141–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2018.1445724.
Sola, Alessandro. “The 2015 Refugee Crisis in Germany: Concerns about Immigration and Populism,” ubat 2018. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/178208/1/101989122X.pdf.
Spierings, Niels, Andrej Zaslove, Liza M. Mügge, and Sarah L. De Lange. “Gender and Populist Radical-Right Politics: An Introduction.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023642.
Stabenow, Michael. “Kampfansage Der Rechtsfraktion.” FAZ-Net, haziran 2019. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/im-eu-parlament-rechtsfraktion-startet-mit-kampfansage-16234969.html.
Steffen, Tilman. “Provozieren, Relativieren, Dementieren.” Zeit Online, May 31, 2016. https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2016-05/afd-jerome-boateng-alexander-gauland-frauke-petry-medien-bjoern-hoecke.
Taguieff, Pierre-André. The Force of Prejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles. Edited by Hassan Melehy. Contradictions, Volume 13. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
“The Overton Window.” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://www.mackinac.org/OvertonWindow.
Wildt, Michael. Volk, Volksgemeinschaft, AfD. 1. Auflage. Kleine Reihe. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2017.
———. “Europawahlprogramm: Programm Der Alternative Für Deutschland Für Die Wahl Zum 9. Europäischen Parlament 2019,” 2019. www.afd.de/wp-content/uploads/ sites/111/2019/03/AfD_Europawahlprogramm_A5-hoch_web_150319.pdf.
———. “Programm Für Deutschland: Das Grundsatzprogramm Der Alternative Für Deutschland,” 2016. www.alternativefuer.de/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/05/2016-06-27_afd-grund- satzprogramm_web-version.pdf.
———. “Programm Für Deutschland: Wahlprogramm Der Alternative Für Deutschland Für Die Wahl Zum Deutschen Bundestag Am 24,” 2017. www.afd.de/wp-content/ uploads/sites/111/2017/06/2017-06-01_AfD-Bundestagswahlprogramm_Onlinefas- sung.pdf.
Akkerman, Tjitske. “Comparing Radical Right Parties in Government: Immigration and Integration Policies in Nine Countries (1996–2010).” West European Politics 35, no. 3 (May 2012): 511–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2012.665738.
“Almanya’da Thüringen ve Saksonya Eyalet Seçimleri Federal Hükümeti Zorluyor,” March 9, 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/almanyada-thuringen-ve-saksonya-eyalet-secimleri-federal-hukumeti-zorluyor/3319922.
Aly, Götz. Why the Germans? Why the Jews?: Envy, Race Hatred, and the Prehistory of the Holocaust. Translated by Jefferson S. Chase. First Picador edition. New York: Picador, 2015.
Arzheimer, Kai. “The AfD: Finally a Successful Right-Wing Populist Eurosceptic Party for Germany?” West European Politics 38, no. 3 (May 4, 2015): 535–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2015.1004230.
“Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçim Sonuçları Belli Oldu,” November 6, 2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/avrupa-parlamentosu-secim-sonuclari-belli-oldu/3245181#.
“Avrupa Parlamentosu Seçimleri: Aşırı Sağ Güçlendi, ‘merkez’ Üstünlüğünü Korudu,” Haziran 2024. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c2eeg30p4mqo.
Berbuir, Nicole, Marcel Lewandowsky, and Jasmin Siri. “The AfD and Its Sympathisers: Finally a Right-Wing Populist Movement in Germany?” German Politics 24, no. 2 (April 3, 2015): 154–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2014.982546.
Betz, Hans-Georg, and Fabian Habersack. “Regional Nativism in East Germany: The Case of the AfD.” In The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe, 110–35. London: Routledge, 2019.
Boran, Hilken Doğaç. “Almanya’nın Sınır Kontrolü Hamlesi, Avrupa ve Schengen Bölgesi Için Ne Anlama Geliyor?,” Eylül 2024. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/c36n6d476z1o.
Canovan, Margaret. “Populism for Political Theorists?” Journal of Political Ideologies 9, no. 3 (October 2004): 241–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356931042000263500.
Chueri, Juliana. “Social Policy Outcomes of Government Participation by Radical Right Parties.” Party Politics 27, no. 6 (November 2021): 1092–1104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820923496.
Coffe, Hilde. “Gender and the Radical Right.” In The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right, 200–211. Oxford University Press, 2018.
COSMO TÜRKÇE. “AfD’nin Ayak Sesleri- Almanya Nereye Gidiyor?” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000668054606.
———. “AfD’nin Önlenemeyen Yükselişi-Alman Siyaseti Nereye Gidiyor?” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000670408760.
———. “Almanya’da Aşırı Sağın Yükselişi-Türk Toplumu Tedirgin.” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000658625122.
———. “Almanya’da Müslüman Düşmanlığı.” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000660057175.
———. “Almanya’daki Gençler Hiç Olmadığı Kadar Siyasi,” n.d. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000674440550.
———. “AP Seçimlerinde Aşırı Sağ Damgası-Avrupa Nereye Gidiyor?” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://podcasts.apple.com/tr/podcast/cosmo-t%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e-almanyada-%C3%B6ne-%C3%A7%C4%B1kan-konularda-bilgilendirici/id1193567724?i=1000658460121.
Dancygier, Rafaela. “Another Progressive’s Dilemma: Immigration, the Radical Right & Threats to Gender Equality.” Daedalus 149, no. 1 (January 2020): 56–71. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01773.
De Lange, Sarah L., and Liza M. Mügge. “Gender and Right-Wing Populism in the Low Countries: Ideological Variations across Parties and Time.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 61–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014199.
“Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung.” Accessed November 24, 2024. https://erasmus-stiftung.de.
Dietze, Gabriele, and Julia Roth, eds. Right-Wing Populism and Gender: European Perspectives and Beyond. Gender Studies. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2020.
Donà, Alessia. “The Rise of the Radical Right in Italy: The Case of Fratelli d’Italia.” Journal of Modern Italian Studies 27, no. 5 (October 20, 2022): 775–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2022.2113216.
Drolet, Jean-François, and Michael C. Williams. “The Radical Right, Realism, and the Politics of Conservatism in Postwar International Thought.” Review of International Studies 47, no. 3 (July 2021): 273–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210521000103.
Enggist, Matthias, and Michael Pinggera. “Radical Right Parties and Their Welfare State Stances – Not so Blurry after All?” West European Politics 45, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 102–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2021.1902115.
Enrico, Glaser, Marius Hellwig, Simone Rafael, Judith Rahner, Jan Riebe, and Rachel Spicker. “Country Case Study Germany.” In Triump Of the Women? The Female Face of the Populist & Far Right in Europe, edited by Elisa Gutsche, 23–47. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2018. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/dialog/14636.pdf.
Euronews, AP. “Almanya, Solingen’deki Bıçaklı Saldırı Ardından Oktoberfest Için Güvenlik Önlemlerini Artırıyor,” September 19, 2024. https://tr.euronews.com/2024/09/19/almanya-solingendeki-bicakli-saldiri-ardindan-octoberfest-icin-guvenlik-onlemlerini-artiri.
Florin, Christiane. “Eine Brücke Zu Völkischem Denken.” Deutschlandfunk, May 12, 2017. https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/christen-und-afd-eine-bruecke-zu-voelkischem-denken-100.html.
Gebhardt, Richard. “Der Kulturkampf Des Autoritären Populismus Gegen Die (Neo-)Liberalisierung Der Bundesrepublik Oder: Was Ist Der ‘Rechtsruck’?” In Das Gesicht Des Völkischen Populismus: Neue Herausforderungen Für Eine Kritische Rechtsextremismusforschung, edited by Alexander Häusler and Helmut Kellershohn, 38–56. Unrast, 2018.
Gidron, Noam, and Bart Bonikowski. “Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2459387.
Givens, Terri E. “The Radical Right Gender Gap.” Comparative Political Studies 37, no. 1 (February 2004): 30–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003260124.
Golder, Matt. “Far Right Parties in Europe.” Annual Review of Political Science 19, no. 1 (May 11, 2016): 477–97. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-042814-012441.
Grimm, Robert. “The Rise of the German Eurosceptic Party Alternative Für Deutschland, between Ordoliberal Critique and Popular Anxiety.” International Political Science Review 36, no. 3 (June 2015): 264–78. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512115575384.
Halikiopoulou, Daphne. “A Right‐wing Populist Momentum? A Review of 2017 Elections Across Europe.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 56, no. S1 (September 2018): 63–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.12769.
Halikiopoulou, Daphne, and Tim Vlandas. “The Rise of the Far Right in Debtor and Creditor European Countries: The Case of European Parliament Elections.” The Political Quarterly 86, no. 2 (April 2015): 279–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-923X.12168.
———. “Understanding Right-Wing Populism and What to Do about It.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4122538.
———. “Understanding Right-Wing Populism and What to Do about It.” FRIEDRICH-EBERT-STIFTUNG, 2022. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4122538.
Harteveld, Eelco, Wouter Van Der Brug, Stefan Dahlberg, and Andrej Kokkonen. “The Gender Gap in Populist Radical-Right Voting: Examining the Demand Side in Western and Eastern Europe.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 103–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024399.
Hawkins, Kirk A. Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511730245.
Heinisch, Reinhard, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. The People and the Nation: Populism and Ethno-Territorial Politics in Europe. Edited by Reinhard Heinisch, Emanuele Massetti, and Oscar Mazzoleni. 1st ed. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. | Series: Routledge studies in extremism and democracy: Routledge, 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351265560.
Heinisch, Reinhard, and Annika Werner. “Who Do Populist Radical Right Parties Stand for? Representative Claims, Claim Acceptance and Descriptive Representation in the Austrian FPÖ and German AfD.” Representation 55, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 475–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1635196.
Höcke, Björn, and Sebastian Hennig. Nie zweimal in denselben Fluss. Politische Bühne. Originalton. Lüdinghausen Berlin: Manuscriptum, 2018.
Ivaldi, Gilles. “Contesting the EU in Times of Crisis: The Front National and Politics of Euroscepticism in France.” Politics 38, no. 3 (August 2018): 278–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395718766787.
Kahmann, Bodo, and Marc Grimm. “AfD Und Judenbild. Eine Partei Im Spannungsfeld von Antisemitismus, Schuldabwehr Und Instrumenteller Israelsolidarität.” In AfD & FPÖ: Antisemitismus, Völkischer Nationalismus Und Geschlechterbilder, edited by Stephan Grigat, 41–59. nomos, 2017.
Kosova, Vera, Wolfgang Fuhl, and Artur Abramovych, eds. Was Juden zur AfD treibt: neues Judentum und neuer Konservatismus: jüdische Stimmen aus Deutschland. 1. Auflage. GHV Edition Zeitgeschichte. Bad Schussenried: Gerhard Hess Verlag, 2019.
Lang, Juliane. “Feindbild Feminismus: Familien- Und Geschlechterpolitik in Der AfD.” In AfD & FPÖ: Antisemitismus, Völkischer Nationalismus Und Geschlechterbilder, edited by Stephan Grigat. Nomos, 2017.
Leidinger, Christiane, and Heike Radvan. “Antifeminismus Und Familismus von Rechts.” In Völkisch-Autoritärer Populismus: Der Rechtsruck in Deutschland Und Die AfD, edited by Alexander Häusler, 93–100. Hamburg: VSA: Verlag, 2018.
Lemke, Christiane. “Right-Wing Populism and International Issues.” German Politics and Society 38, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 90–108. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2020.380204.
Mazzoleni, Oscar, and Gilles Ivaldi. “Economic Populist Sovereignism and Electoral Support for Radical Right-Wing Populism.” Political Studies 70, no. 2 (May 2022): 304–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321720958567.
Mudde, Cas. Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492037.
Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. “Vox Populi or Vox Masculini ? Populism and Gender in Northern Europe and South America.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 16–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1014197.
Niedermayer, Oskar. “Die Soziale Zusammensetzung Der Parteimitgliederschaften,” October 21, 2022. www.bpb.de/ politik/grundfragen/ parteien-in-deutschland/zahlen-und-fakten/140358/soziale-zusammensetzung.
Nöstlinger, Nette. “Germany Records Sharp Rise in Antisemitic Incidents.” Politico, Haziran 2024. https://www.politico.eu/article/sharp-rise-in-antisemitic-incidents-recorded-in-germany-october-7/.
Pazderski, Georg. “Die Bundesregierung Muss Endlich Gegen Den Aggressiven Islam Vorgehen,” March 27, 2018. https://www.afd.de/georg-pazderski-bundesregierung-verschweigt-tatsaechliche-kosten-fuer-fluechtlinge-2/.
Pfahl-Traughber, Armin. Die AfD und der Rechtsextremismus: Eine Analyse aus politikwissenschaftlicher Perspektive. Essentials. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2019.
Quent, Matthias. Deutschland rechts außen: wie die Rechten nach der Macht greifen und wie wir sie stoppen können. Ungekürzte und aktualisierte Taschenbuchausgabe. München: Piper, 2021.
Rooduijn, Matthijs. “The Rise of the Populist Radical Right in Western Europe.” European View 14, no. 1 (June 2015): 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12290-015-0347-5.
Salzborn, Samuel. “Antisemitism in the ‘Alternative for Germany’ Party.” German Politics and Society 36, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 74–93. https://doi.org/10.3167/gps.2018.360304.
Sauer, Birgit. “Authoritarian Right-Wing Populism as Masculinist Identity Politics: The Role of Effects.” In Right-Wing Populism and Gender: European Perspectives and Beyond, Bielefeld., 23–39. 2020, n.d.
Schellenberg, Britta. “Developments within the Radical Right in Germany: Discourses, Attitudes and Actors Britta.” In Right-Wing Populism in Europe Politics and Discourse, 149–62. Bloomsbury Academic, 2013.
Siri, Jasmin. “Geschlechterpolitische Positionen der Partei Alternative für Deutschland.” In Die Alternative für Deutschland, edited by Alexander Häusler, 69–80. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10638-6_6.
———. “The Alternative for Germany after the 2017 Election.” German Politics 27, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 141–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/09644008.2018.1445724.
Sola, Alessandro. “The 2015 Refugee Crisis in Germany: Concerns about Immigration and Populism,” ubat 2018. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/178208/1/101989122X.pdf.
Spierings, Niels, Andrej Zaslove, Liza M. Mügge, and Sarah L. De Lange. “Gender and Populist Radical-Right Politics: An Introduction.” Patterns of Prejudice 49, no. 1–2 (March 15, 2015): 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023642.
Stabenow, Michael. “Kampfansage Der Rechtsfraktion.” FAZ-Net, haziran 2019. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/inland/im-eu-parlament-rechtsfraktion-startet-mit-kampfansage-16234969.html.
Steffen, Tilman. “Provozieren, Relativieren, Dementieren.” Zeit Online, May 31, 2016. https://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2016-05/afd-jerome-boateng-alexander-gauland-frauke-petry-medien-bjoern-hoecke.
Taguieff, Pierre-André. The Force of Prejudice: On Racism and Its Doubles. Edited by Hassan Melehy. Contradictions, Volume 13. Minneapolis, Minn: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
“The Overton Window.” Accessed November 25, 2024. https://www.mackinac.org/OvertonWindow.
Wildt, Michael. Volk, Volksgemeinschaft, AfD. 1. Auflage. Kleine Reihe. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2017.
Cilt
Sayfalar
155-182
Yayınlanan
4 Şubat 2025
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı
