Nörolojik Hastalıklarda Nörofizyolojik Değişiklikler
References
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Yang S, Li Y, Zhang F, et al. Investigating repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced interhemispheric changes in stroke: a transcranial magnetic stimulation and fNIRS study. Neurophotonics. 2026;13(S1):S13010–S13010.
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Su F, Xu W. Enhancing brain plasticity to promote stroke recovery. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020;11:554089. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.554089
Song R, Tong KY, Hu XL, et al. The therapeutic effects of myoelectrically controlled robotic system for persons after stroke — a pilot study. In: 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. New York, NY, USA: IEEE; 2006. p. 4945–4948. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260186
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Jin Z, Wang Y, Meng D, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation combined with physical therapy as an optimal rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Trials. 2023;24:410. doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07425-7
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Carson RG. The physiology of stroke neurorehabilitation. Journal of Physiology. 2025;603(3).
Sun J, Xie R, Yu J, et al. Dynamic modulation of corticomuscular coherence during ankle dorsiflexion after stroke: towards hybrid BCI for lower-limb rehabilitation. Journal of Neural Engineering. 2026;23(1):10.1088/1741-2552/ae3c41.doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae3c41
Yang S, Li Y, Zhang F, et al. Investigating repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced interhemispheric changes in stroke: a transcranial magnetic stimulation and fNIRS study. Neurophotonics. 2026;13(S1):S13010–S13010.
Takeuchi N, Izumi S. Rehabilitation with poststroke motor recovery: a review with a focus on neural plasticity. Stroke Research and Treatment. 2013;2013:128641. doi:10.1155/2013/128641
Kuipers JA, Hoffman N, Carrick FR, et al. Post-stroke rehabilitation: neurophysiology proces- ses of bilateral movement training and interlimb coupling — a systematic review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2025;14(11):3757. doi:10.3390/jcm14113757
Malerba P, Straudi S, Fregni F, et al. Using biophysical models to understand the effect of tDCS on neurorehabilitation: searching for optimal covariates to enhance poststroke reco- very. Frontiers in Neurology. 2017;8:58. doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00058
Hao J, Xie H, Harp K, et al. Effects of virtual reality intervention on neural plasticity in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2022;103(3):523–541. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.06.024
Su F, Xu W. Enhancing brain plasticity to promote stroke recovery. Frontiers in Neurology. 2020;11:554089. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.554089
Song R, Tong KY, Hu XL, et al. The therapeutic effects of myoelectrically controlled robotic system for persons after stroke — a pilot study. In: 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. New York, NY, USA: IEEE; 2006. p. 4945–4948. doi:10.1109/IEMBS.2006.260186
Di Pino G, Pellegrino G, Assenza G, et al. Modulation of brain plasticity in stroke: a novel model for neurorehabilitation. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2014;10:597–608. doi:10.1038/nr- neurol.2014.162
Policastro G, Brunelli M, Tinazzi M, et al. Cytokine-, neurotrophin-, and motor rehabili- tation-induced plasticity in Parkinson’s disease. Neural Plasticity. 2020;2020:8814028. doi:10.1155/2020/8814028
Obeso JA, Rodríguez-Oroz MC, Benitez-Temino B, et al. Functional organization of the basal ganglia: therapeutic implications for Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders. 2008;23(Suppl 3):S548–S559. doi:10.1002/mds.22062
Ishaq A, et al. Effects of exercise training on the nigrostriatal glutamatergic pathway and recep- tor interactions in Parkinson’s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2025;17. doi:10.3389/ fnagi.2025.1512278
Bologna M, Paparella G, Fasano A, et al. Evolving concepts on bradykinesia. Brain. 2020;143(3):727–750. doi:10.1093/brain/awz344
Jankovic J. Parkinson’s disease: clinical features and diagnosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosur- gery & Psychiatry. 2008;79(4):368–376. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
Meunier S, Pol S, Houeto JL, et al. Abnormal reciprocal inhibition between antagonist musc- les in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 5):1017–1026. doi:10.1093/brain/123.5.1017
Boonstra TA, van der Kooij H, Munneke M, et al. Gait disorders and balance disturbances in Parkinson’s disease: clinical update and pathophysiology. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2008;21(4):461–471. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328305bdaf
Baglio F, et al. Neuroplasticity mediated by motor rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: a sys- tematic review on structural and functional MRI markers. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2021. doi:10.1515/REVNEURO-2021-0064
Isaacson SH, Hauser RA, Pahwa R, et al. Dopamine agonists in Parkinson’s disease: impact of D1-like or D2-like dopamine receptor subtype selectivity and avenues for future treatment. Clinical Parkinsonism & Related Disorders. 2023;9:100212. doi:10.1016/j.prdoa.2023.100212
Olanow CW, Calabresi P, Obeso JA. Continuous dopaminergic stimulation as a treat- ment for Parkinson’s disease: current status and future opportunities. Movement Disorders. 2020;35(10):1731–1744. doi:10.1002/mds.28215
Ishaq S, Shah IA, Lee SD, et al. Effects of exercise training on nigrostriatal neuroprotecti- on in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2025;18:1464168. doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1464168
Wanner P, Winterholler M, Gaßner H, et al. Acute exercise following skill practice promotes motor memory consolidation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2021;177:107366. doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107366
De Icco R, Putortì A, Allena M, et al. Non-invasive neuromodulation in the rehabilitation of Pisa syndrome in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:849820. doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.849820
Jin Z, Wang Y, Meng D, et al. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation combined with physical therapy as an optimal rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: study protocol for a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Trials. 2023;24:410. doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07425-7
Evancho A, Tyler WJ, McGregor K. A review of combined neuromodulation and physical therapy interventions for enhanced neurorehabilitation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 2023;17:1151218. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1151218
Peterka M, Odorfer T, Schwab M, et al. LSVT-BIG therapy in Parkinson’s disease: physiologi- cal evidence for proprioceptive recalibration. BMC Neurology. 2020;20(1):276. doi:10.1186/ s12883-020-01858-2
Li G, Huang P, Cui SS, et al. Mechanisms of motor symptom improvement by long-term Tai Chi training in Parkinson’s disease patients. Translational Neurodegeneration. 2022;11(1):6. doi:10.1186/s40035-022-00280-7
Shi Y, Ma J, Zhao X, et al. Bilateral intermittent theta-burst stimulation as a priming strate- gy to enhance action observation and imitation training in early Parkinson’s disease: a pro- of-of-concept study. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation. 2025;22:247. doi:10.1186/ s12984-025-01789-4
Ferrazzoli D, Ortelli P, Cucca A, et al. Motor-cognitive approach and aerobic training: a sy- nergism for rehabilitative intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Neurodegenerative Disease Ma- nagement. 2020;10(1):41–55. doi:10.2217/nmt-2019-0025
Compston A, Coles A. Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet. 2008;372(9648):1502–1517. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(08)61620-7
Thompson AJ, Baranzini SE, Geurts J, et al. Multiple sclerosis. The Lancet. 2018;391(10130):1622–1636. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30481-1
Wallin MT, Culpepper WJ, Campbell JD, et al. The prevalence of MS in the United States: a population-based estimate using health claims data. Neurology. 2019;92(10):e1029–e1040. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000007035
Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83(3):278–286. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560
Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. Genetics of multiple sclerosis. Neurologic Clinics. 2010;23(1):61–75.
Ascherio A, Munger KL. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection. Annals of Neurology. 2007;61(4):288–299. doi:10.1002/ana.21117
Simpson S, Blizzard L, Otahal P, et al. Latitude is significantly associated with the prevalen- ce of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 2011;82(10):1132–1141.
Lassmann H, Brück W, Lucchinetti CF. The immunopathology of multiple sclerosis: an over- view. Brain Pathology. 2012;17(2):210–218.
Trapp BD, Nave KA. Multiple sclerosis: an immune or neurodegenerative disorder?. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 2008;31:247-269. doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094313
Motl RW, Pilutti LA. The benefits of exercise training in multiple sclerosis. Nature Reviews Neurology. 2012;8(9):487–497. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2012.136
Etoom M, Hawamdeh M, Hawamdeh Z, et al. Effectiveness of physiotherapy interventi- ons on spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 2018;97(11):793–807. doi:10.1097/ PHM.0000000000000970
Cattaneo D, De Nuzzo C, Fascia T, et al. Risks of falls in subjects with multiple sclerosis. Arc- hives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2007;83(6):864–867.
Kasser SL, Jacobs JV, Ford M, et al. Effects of balance-specific exercises on balance, physical activity, and quality of life in adults with multiple sclerosis. International Journal of MS Care. 2015;17(4):163–172.
Sá MJ. Physiopathology of symptoms and signs in multiple sclerosis. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiqu- iatria. 2014;70(9):733–740.
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Volume
Pages
65-88
Published
July 6, 2026
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