Water Sports Injuries: Prevention, Rehabilitation, and Return to Play
References
Johnson, J.N. Competitive swimming illness and injury: Common conditions limiting participation. Curr Sports Med Rep. Published online 2003:267-271. doi:10.1007/s11932-003-0059-5
Allegrucci M, Whitney SL, Irrgang JJ. Clinical Implications of Secondary Impingement of the Shoulder in Freestyle Swimmers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;20(6):307-318. doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.20.6.307
Jones NS. Competitive Diving Principles and Injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(5):351-356. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000401
Nathanson A. Injury Prevention in The Sport of Surfing: An Update. Muscle Ligaments and Tendons J. 2020;10(02):171. doi:10.32098/mltj.02.2020.03
Castelle B, Scott T, Brander R, et al. Environmental controls on surf zone injuries on high-energy beaches. Published online May 13, 2019. doi:10.5194/nhess-2019-96
Prieto-González P, Martínez-Castillo JL, Fernández-Galván LM, Casado A, Soporki S, Sánchez-Infante J. Epidemiology of Sports-Related Injuries and Associated Risk Factors in Adolescent Athletes: An Injury Surveillance. IJERPH. 2021;18(9):4857. doi:10.3390/ijerph18094857
Shrier I. Warm-Up and Stretching in the Prevention of Muscular Injury: Sports Medicine. 2008;38(10):879. doi:10.2165/00007256-200838100-00006
Giai Via A, Frizziero A, Finotti P, Oliva F, Randelli F, Maffulli N. Management of osteitis pubis in athletes: rehabilitation and return to training – a review of the most recent literature. OAJSM. 2018;Volume 10:1-10. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S155077
Croteau F, Brown H, Pearsall D, Robbins SM. Prevalence and mechanisms of injuries in water polo: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7(2):e001081. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001081
Chalmers DJ, Morrison L. Epidemiology of Non-Submersion Injuries in Aquatic Sporting and Recreational Activities: Sports Medicine. 2003;33(10):745-770. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333100-00003
Cahan EM, Chan SM, Segovia NA, Chan C. Pains in the Lanes: Characterizing the Epidemiology of Swimmer’s Shoulder in Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1_MeetingAbstract):70-71. doi:10.1542/peds.146.1MA1.70
Stuhr M, Kowald B, Schulz AP, et al. Demographics and functional outcome of shallow water diving spinal injuries in northern Germany - A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive cases. Injury. 2023;54(6):1608-1616. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2023.03.002
Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Waller B, Kujala UM, Kettunen JA. Gender differences in sport injury risk and types of inju-ries: a retrospective twelve-month study on cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players. J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8(3):443-451.
Morrongiello BA, Rennie H. Why Do Boys Engage in More Risk Taking Than Girls? The Role of Attributions, Beliefs, and Risk Appraisals. J Pediatr Psychol. 1998;23(1):33-43. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/23.1.33
Segreti A, Celeski M, Guerra E, et al. Effects of Environmental Conditions on Athlete’s Cardiovascular System. JCM. 2024;13(16):4961. doi:10.3390/jcm13164961
Herman K, Barton C, Malliaras P, Morrissey D. The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012;10(1):75. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-75
Nyland J, Kaya D, Wessel RP. Injury Prevention in Different Sports. In: Doral MN, Karlsson J, eds. Sports Injuries. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015:3151-3160. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36569-0_247
Wolf BR, Ebinger AE, Lawler MP, Britton CL. Injury Patterns in Division I Collegiate Swimming. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(10):2037-2042. doi:10.1177/0363546509339364
Karantanas AH. Common Injuries in Water Sports. In: Karantanas AH, ed. Sports Injuries in Children and Adolescents. Medical Radiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:289-317. doi:10.1007/174_2010_63
Monteiro CEMDP, Moreira-Pinto J, Queiroga AC. Injury patterns in competitive and recreational surfing: a systematic review. Inj Prev. 2022;28(3):280-287. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044511
Hanchard S, Duncan A, Furness J, Simas V, Climstein M, Kemp-Smith K. Chronic and Gradual-Onset Injuries and Conditions in the Sport of Surfing: A Systematic Review. Sports. 2021;9(2):23. doi:10.3390/sports9020023
Powell C. Injuries and Medical Conditions Among Kayakers Paddling in the Sea Environment. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 2009;20(4):327-334. doi:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0327
Wareham DM, Fuller JT, Douglas TJ, Han CS, Hancock MJ. Swimming for low back pain: A scoping review. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2024;71:102926. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2024.102926
Currie BM, Drew MK, Hetherington M, Waddington G, Brown NAT, Toohey LA. Diving Into the Health Problems of Competitive Divers: A Systematic Review of Injuries and Illnesses in Pre-elite and Elite Diving Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Published online June 3, 2024:19417381241255329. doi:10.1177/19417381241255329
Nathanson AT. Surfing Injuries. In: Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR, eds. Adventure and Extreme Sports Injuries. Springer London; 2013:143-172. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4363-5_7
Muir SM, Rizzieri T, Brown A, et al. Injuries Related to Waterskiing Between 2012 and 2022: A National Database Study. Cureus. Published online July 27, 2024. doi:10.7759/cureus.65522
Scher IS, Stepan LL, Hoover RW. Head and neck injury potential during water sports falls: examining the effects of helmets. Sports Eng. 2020;23(1):7. doi:10.1007/s12283-020-0321-6
Lambert D, Binkley M, Gaskill Z. Underwater and Scuba Diving Accidents. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2024;42(3):551-563. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.015
Rumball JS, Lebrun CM, Di Ciacca SR, Orlando K. Rowing Injuries: Sports Medicine. 2005;35(6):537-555. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535060-00005
Johnson JN, Gauvin J, Fredericson M. Swimming Biomechanics and Injury Prevention: New Stroke Techniques and Medical Considerations. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2003;31(1):41-46. doi:10.3810/psm.2003.01.165
Gilchrist J, Saluja G, Marshall SW. Interventions to Prevent Sports and Recreation-Related Injuries. In: Doll LS, Bonzo SE, Sleet DA, Mercy JA, eds. Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention. Springer US; 2007:117-134. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29457-5_7
Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. 1: Coastal and Fresh Waters.; 2003.
Turgut T, Yaman M, Turgut A. Educating Children on Water Safety for Drowning Prevention. Soc Indic Res. 2016;129(2):787-801. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1109-0
Szpilman D, Morizot-Leite L, De Vries W, et al. First Aid Courses for the Aquatic Environment. In: Bierens JJLM, ed. Drowning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2014:659-666. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04253-9_101
Schweizer N, Strutzenberger G, Franchi MV, Farshad M, Scherr J, Spörri J. Screening Tests for Assessing Athletes at Risk of ACL Injury or Reinjury—A Scoping Review. IJERPH. 2022;19(5):2864. doi:10.3390/ijerph19052864
Ackermann PW, Renström P. Tendinopathy in Sport. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2012;4(3):193-201. doi:10.1177/1941738112440957
Mohammed A, Arulsingh W, Kandakurti PK. The Effectiveness of Core Stability Exercise Program on Lower Limb Performance in Athletes-A Scoping Review. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;34(1):57-67. doi:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2022043234
Silfies SP, Ebaugh D, Pontillo M, Butowicz CM. Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance. Braz J Phys Ther. 2015;19(5):360-368. doi:10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0108
Palladino L, Ruotolo I, Berardi A, Carlizza A, Galeoto G. Efficacy of aquatic therapy in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2023;61(6):317-322. doi:10.1038/s41393-023-00892-4
Recio AC, Stiens SA, Kubrova E. Aquatic-Based Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: Effective Yet Underutilized. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2017;5(3):108-112. doi:10.1007/s40141-017-0158-5
Stanciu LE, Iliescu MG, Vlădăreanu L, Ciota AE, Ionescu EV, Mihailov CI. Evidence of Improvement of Lower Limb Functioning Using Hydrotherapy on Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):302. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020302
Prins J, Cutner D. AQUATIC THERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION OF ATHLETIC INJURIES. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1999;18(2):447-461. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70158-7
Schwab Reese LM, Pittsinger R, Yang J. Effectiveness of psychological intervention following sport injury. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2012;1(2):71-79. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2012.06.003
The Panther Symposium ACL Injury Return to Sport Consensus Group, Meredith SJ, Rauer T, et al. Return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament injury: Panther Symposium ACL Injury Return to Sport Consensus Group. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020;28(8):2403-2414. doi:10.1007/s00167-020-06009-1
Allegrucci M, Whitney SL, Irrgang JJ. Clinical Implications of Secondary Impingement of the Shoulder in Freestyle Swimmers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1994;20(6):307-318. doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.20.6.307
Jones NS. Competitive Diving Principles and Injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16(5):351-356. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000401
Nathanson A. Injury Prevention in The Sport of Surfing: An Update. Muscle Ligaments and Tendons J. 2020;10(02):171. doi:10.32098/mltj.02.2020.03
Castelle B, Scott T, Brander R, et al. Environmental controls on surf zone injuries on high-energy beaches. Published online May 13, 2019. doi:10.5194/nhess-2019-96
Prieto-González P, Martínez-Castillo JL, Fernández-Galván LM, Casado A, Soporki S, Sánchez-Infante J. Epidemiology of Sports-Related Injuries and Associated Risk Factors in Adolescent Athletes: An Injury Surveillance. IJERPH. 2021;18(9):4857. doi:10.3390/ijerph18094857
Shrier I. Warm-Up and Stretching in the Prevention of Muscular Injury: Sports Medicine. 2008;38(10):879. doi:10.2165/00007256-200838100-00006
Giai Via A, Frizziero A, Finotti P, Oliva F, Randelli F, Maffulli N. Management of osteitis pubis in athletes: rehabilitation and return to training – a review of the most recent literature. OAJSM. 2018;Volume 10:1-10. doi:10.2147/OAJSM.S155077
Croteau F, Brown H, Pearsall D, Robbins SM. Prevalence and mechanisms of injuries in water polo: a systematic review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. 2021;7(2):e001081. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001081
Chalmers DJ, Morrison L. Epidemiology of Non-Submersion Injuries in Aquatic Sporting and Recreational Activities: Sports Medicine. 2003;33(10):745-770. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333100-00003
Cahan EM, Chan SM, Segovia NA, Chan C. Pains in the Lanes: Characterizing the Epidemiology of Swimmer’s Shoulder in Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1_MeetingAbstract):70-71. doi:10.1542/peds.146.1MA1.70
Stuhr M, Kowald B, Schulz AP, et al. Demographics and functional outcome of shallow water diving spinal injuries in northern Germany - A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive cases. Injury. 2023;54(6):1608-1616. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2023.03.002
Ristolainen L, Heinonen A, Waller B, Kujala UM, Kettunen JA. Gender differences in sport injury risk and types of inju-ries: a retrospective twelve-month study on cross-country skiers, swimmers, long-distance runners and soccer players. J Sports Sci Med. 2009;8(3):443-451.
Morrongiello BA, Rennie H. Why Do Boys Engage in More Risk Taking Than Girls? The Role of Attributions, Beliefs, and Risk Appraisals. J Pediatr Psychol. 1998;23(1):33-43. doi:10.1093/jpepsy/23.1.33
Segreti A, Celeski M, Guerra E, et al. Effects of Environmental Conditions on Athlete’s Cardiovascular System. JCM. 2024;13(16):4961. doi:10.3390/jcm13164961
Herman K, Barton C, Malliaras P, Morrissey D. The effectiveness of neuromuscular warm-up strategies, that require no additional equipment, for preventing lower limb injuries during sports participation: a systematic review. BMC Med. 2012;10(1):75. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-75
Nyland J, Kaya D, Wessel RP. Injury Prevention in Different Sports. In: Doral MN, Karlsson J, eds. Sports Injuries. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2015:3151-3160. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36569-0_247
Wolf BR, Ebinger AE, Lawler MP, Britton CL. Injury Patterns in Division I Collegiate Swimming. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(10):2037-2042. doi:10.1177/0363546509339364
Karantanas AH. Common Injuries in Water Sports. In: Karantanas AH, ed. Sports Injuries in Children and Adolescents. Medical Radiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:289-317. doi:10.1007/174_2010_63
Monteiro CEMDP, Moreira-Pinto J, Queiroga AC. Injury patterns in competitive and recreational surfing: a systematic review. Inj Prev. 2022;28(3):280-287. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044511
Hanchard S, Duncan A, Furness J, Simas V, Climstein M, Kemp-Smith K. Chronic and Gradual-Onset Injuries and Conditions in the Sport of Surfing: A Systematic Review. Sports. 2021;9(2):23. doi:10.3390/sports9020023
Powell C. Injuries and Medical Conditions Among Kayakers Paddling in the Sea Environment. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 2009;20(4):327-334. doi:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0327
Wareham DM, Fuller JT, Douglas TJ, Han CS, Hancock MJ. Swimming for low back pain: A scoping review. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2024;71:102926. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2024.102926
Currie BM, Drew MK, Hetherington M, Waddington G, Brown NAT, Toohey LA. Diving Into the Health Problems of Competitive Divers: A Systematic Review of Injuries and Illnesses in Pre-elite and Elite Diving Athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Published online June 3, 2024:19417381241255329. doi:10.1177/19417381241255329
Nathanson AT. Surfing Injuries. In: Mei-Dan O, Carmont MR, eds. Adventure and Extreme Sports Injuries. Springer London; 2013:143-172. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4363-5_7
Muir SM, Rizzieri T, Brown A, et al. Injuries Related to Waterskiing Between 2012 and 2022: A National Database Study. Cureus. Published online July 27, 2024. doi:10.7759/cureus.65522
Scher IS, Stepan LL, Hoover RW. Head and neck injury potential during water sports falls: examining the effects of helmets. Sports Eng. 2020;23(1):7. doi:10.1007/s12283-020-0321-6
Lambert D, Binkley M, Gaskill Z. Underwater and Scuba Diving Accidents. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2024;42(3):551-563. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.015
Rumball JS, Lebrun CM, Di Ciacca SR, Orlando K. Rowing Injuries: Sports Medicine. 2005;35(6):537-555. doi:10.2165/00007256-200535060-00005
Johnson JN, Gauvin J, Fredericson M. Swimming Biomechanics and Injury Prevention: New Stroke Techniques and Medical Considerations. The Physician and Sportsmedicine. 2003;31(1):41-46. doi:10.3810/psm.2003.01.165
Gilchrist J, Saluja G, Marshall SW. Interventions to Prevent Sports and Recreation-Related Injuries. In: Doll LS, Bonzo SE, Sleet DA, Mercy JA, eds. Handbook of Injury and Violence Prevention. Springer US; 2007:117-134. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-29457-5_7
Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. 1: Coastal and Fresh Waters.; 2003.
Turgut T, Yaman M, Turgut A. Educating Children on Water Safety for Drowning Prevention. Soc Indic Res. 2016;129(2):787-801. doi:10.1007/s11205-015-1109-0
Szpilman D, Morizot-Leite L, De Vries W, et al. First Aid Courses for the Aquatic Environment. In: Bierens JJLM, ed. Drowning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2014:659-666. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04253-9_101
Schweizer N, Strutzenberger G, Franchi MV, Farshad M, Scherr J, Spörri J. Screening Tests for Assessing Athletes at Risk of ACL Injury or Reinjury—A Scoping Review. IJERPH. 2022;19(5):2864. doi:10.3390/ijerph19052864
Ackermann PW, Renström P. Tendinopathy in Sport. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 2012;4(3):193-201. doi:10.1177/1941738112440957
Mohammed A, Arulsingh W, Kandakurti PK. The Effectiveness of Core Stability Exercise Program on Lower Limb Performance in Athletes-A Scoping Review. Crit Rev Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;34(1):57-67. doi:10.1615/CritRevPhysRehabilMed.2022043234
Silfies SP, Ebaugh D, Pontillo M, Butowicz CM. Critical review of the impact of core stability on upper extremity athletic injury and performance. Braz J Phys Ther. 2015;19(5):360-368. doi:10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0108
Palladino L, Ruotolo I, Berardi A, Carlizza A, Galeoto G. Efficacy of aquatic therapy in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spinal Cord. 2023;61(6):317-322. doi:10.1038/s41393-023-00892-4
Recio AC, Stiens SA, Kubrova E. Aquatic-Based Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation: Effective Yet Underutilized. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2017;5(3):108-112. doi:10.1007/s40141-017-0158-5
Stanciu LE, Iliescu MG, Vlădăreanu L, Ciota AE, Ionescu EV, Mihailov CI. Evidence of Improvement of Lower Limb Functioning Using Hydrotherapy on Spinal Cord Injury Patients. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):302. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11020302
Prins J, Cutner D. AQUATIC THERAPY IN THE REHABILITATION OF ATHLETIC INJURIES. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 1999;18(2):447-461. doi:10.1016/S0278-5919(05)70158-7
Schwab Reese LM, Pittsinger R, Yang J. Effectiveness of psychological intervention following sport injury. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2012;1(2):71-79. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2012.06.003
The Panther Symposium ACL Injury Return to Sport Consensus Group, Meredith SJ, Rauer T, et al. Return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament injury: Panther Symposium ACL Injury Return to Sport Consensus Group. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2020;28(8):2403-2414. doi:10.1007/s00167-020-06009-1
Pages
69-82
Published
January 30, 2025
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