Gebelikte Sindirim Sisteminin Cerrahi Hastalıkları
Synopsis
Gebelikte gastrointestinal sistem cerrahisi, hormonal değişiklikler, organların yer değiştirmesi ve artan intraabdominal basınç gibi fizyolojik değişimlerin etkisiyle gerekli hale gelebilir. Akut apandisit, kolesistit, pankreatit ve bağırsak tıkanıklığı gibi durumlar en sık cerrahi müdahale gerektiren sorunlardır. Cerrahi müdahalelerin genellikle ikinci trimesterde yapılması önerilir, ancak acil durumlarda annenin ve fetüsün sağlığını korumak için gebelik haftasına bakılmaksızın müdahale edilebilir. Ebelik bakımı, cerrahi süreçte annenin psikolojik ve fizyolojik durumunu desteklemeyi, ağrı yönetimini, enfeksiyon kontrolünü ve erken mobilizasyonu içerir. Ayrıca, fetal monitörizasyonun sağlanması, multidisipliner bir yaklaşımla maternal ve fetal güvenliğin sağlanmasına yardımcı olur. Erken tanı ve uygun ebelik bakımı, maternal ve fetal komplikasyon risklerini azaltmada ve sağlıklı doğum sonuçlarını desteklemede kritik bir rol oynar.
References
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Sonderman K, Golden A, Vora P, et al. Surgical emergencies in the pregnant patient. Current Problems in Surgery. 2023;60(5):101304. doi: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2023.101304
Şengör K, Çavdar İ. Abdominal surgery in pregnancy and care of the pregnant patient. Midwifery. 2022;2(2):76-83. doi: 10.5152/MNM.2022.220965
Brown KE, Hirshberg JS, Conner SN. Gallbladder and biliary disease in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;63(1):211–225. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000496
Schlussel AT, Roedel EQ. Large Bowel Obstruction: Current Techniques and Trends in Management. In: Brown CVR, Inaba K, Martin MM, Salim A (eds). Emergency general surgery. Springer; 2019. p. 283. (eBook).doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96286-3
Yavuz van Giersbergen M. Cerrahi hemşireliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2023. p.1-704.
Oldenkamp CL, Kitamura K. Nonobstetric surgical emergencies in pregnancy. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2023;41(2):259-267. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2023.01.001
Şahin E. Gebelikte Annede Görülen Fizyolojik Değişiklikler. Nazik E (ed). Doğum, kadın sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği içinde. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022. p. 97-116.
Sultan Aİ, Saadi RK, Habash MM,et al. Outcomes of symptomatic gallstone disease in pregnant women: a retrospective study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology. 2023;30(2):e1-e7. doi: 10.47750/jptcp.2023.1055
Dadlani A, Brandabur J, Carlson CJ, et al. ERCP during pregnancy: a review of safe practices. Practical Gastroenterology. 2022;46(6):61-70.
Pearl JP, Price RR, Tonkin AE, et al. SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surgical Endoscopy. 2017;31:3767–3782. doi: 10.1007/s00464-017-5637-3
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee. Committee opinion no. 723: guidelines for diagnostic ımaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017;130(4):e210-e216. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002355
Maringhini A, Dardanoni G, Fantaci G, et al. Acute pancreatitis during and after pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2021;66:3164–3170. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06608-5
Mukherjee R, Samanta S. Surgical emergencies in pregnancy in the era of modern. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019;58(2):177-182. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.01.001
Lopez-Lopez V, Navaratne L, Ferreras D, et al. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration during pregnancy: a multi-center case series and literature review. Langenbecks Archives of Surgery. 2023;408:45. doi: 10.1007/s00423-023-02793-9
Vujic J, Marsoner K, Lipp-Pump AH, et al. Non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy – an eleven-year retrospective analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:382. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2554-6
Cusimano MC, Liu J, Azizi P, et al. Adverse fetal outcomes and maternal mortality following nonobstetric abdominopelvic surgery in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery. 2023;278(1):e147–e157. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005362
Veerappan A, Gawron AJ, Soper NJ, et al. Delaying cholecystectomy for complicated gallstone disease in pregnancy is associated with recurrent postpartum symptoms. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2013;17:1953–1959. doi: 10.1007/s11605-013-2330-2
Jorge AM, Keswani RN, Veerappan A, et al. Non-operative management of symptomatic cholelithiasis in pregnancy is associated with frequent hospitalizations. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2015;19:598–603.
Cheng V, Mathusushima K, Sandhu K, et al. Surgical trends in the management of acute cholecystitis during pregnancy. Surgical Endoscopy. 2021;35(10):5752-5759. doi: 10.1007/s00464-020-08054-w.2021
Silvestri MT, Pettker CM, Brousseau EC, et al. Morbidity of appendectomy and cholecystectomy in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;118(6):1261–1270. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318234d7bc
Alchirazi KA, Chaar A, Alkhayyat M, et al. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in chronic pancreatitis: a population-based study. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology. 2023;118(10):46-47. doi: 10.14309/01.ajg.0000949860.97628.e8
Ji F, Tang W, Yan W, et al. A nomogram to predict the occurrence of pseudocyst in the patients with acute pancreatitis, Pancreatology. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2024.08.007 (baskıda).
Zhang T, Wang G, Cao Z, et al. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a 10-year, multi-center, retrospective study in Beijing. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:414. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04742-8
Al Samaraee A, Bhattacharya V. Challenges encountered in the management of gall stones induced pancreatitis in pregnancy. International Journal of Surgery. 2019;71:72-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.09.016
Niu C, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhu K, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a population-based study. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2023;35(12):1354-1361. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000002665
Shah J, Rana SS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in acute pancreatitis. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2020;39:123-132. doi: 10.1007/s12664-020-01016-z
Niu C, Zhang J, Zhu K, et al. The hidden dangers of chronic pancreatitis in pregnancy: Evidence from a large-scale population study. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2023;55(12):1712-1718. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.07.001
Croke L. Caring for pregnant patients undergoing nonobstetric surgery. AORN Journal. 2023;117(4):1-8. doi: 10.1002/aorn.13908
Atanasiu IE, Gheoca D, Botezatu, et al. Acute cholecystitis in pregnancy. Romanian Medical Journal. 2022;69(Suppl2):13-16. doi: 10.37897/RMJ.2022.S2.3
Yıldız Fındık Ü, Ünver S, Eyi S. Gastrointestinal sistemin cerrahi hastalıkları ve hemşirelik bakımı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2019 p. 1-278.
Carson MP. The Pregnant Surgical Patient. In: Jaffer AK, Grant PJ (eds.) Perioperative medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey; 2012.
Gonzalez_Brown V, Frey H. The hepatobiliary system: an overview of normal function and diagnostic testing in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019;63(1)1:122–133. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000504
Williamson C, Nana M, Poon L, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy. Journal of Hepatology. 2023;79(3):768-828. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.006
Dubey S, Rani J. Hepatic rupture in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: A catastrophic presentation. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;59(5):643-651. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.003
Birkness-Gartman J, Oshima K. Liver pathology in pregnancy. Pathology International. 2021;72(1):1-13. doi: 10.1111/pin.13186
Guarino M, Cossiga V, Morisco F. The interpretation of liver function tests in pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2020;44–45:101667. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2020.101667
Vidarte MFE, Montes D, Pérez A, et al. Hepatic rupture associated with preeclampsia, report of three cases and literature review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2019;32(16):2767-2773. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1446209
Augustin G, Hadzic M, Juras J, et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy complicated by liver rupture or hematoma: a systematic review of 391 reported cases. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2022;17(40):1-12. doi: 10.1186/s13017-022-00444-w
Bloom BA, Gibbons RC. Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; July 24, 2023. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261902/ (Accessed 1th September 2024)
Pal P, Reddy DN, Tandan M. Endoscopy in pregnancy: a systematic review. Journal of Digestive Endoscopy. 2021;12(03):138-150. doi: 10.1055s-0041-1739567
Hogan DE, Ma M, Kadosh D, et al. Endo-hepatology: An emerging field. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2021;13(8):296. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i8.296
Sethi A, Banerjee S, Chahal P. Advanced endoscopic procedures in pregnancy. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(10S):39-43. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001959
Luo H, He X, Wang M, et al. Comparision of ligasure hemorrhoidectomy and conservative treatment for thrombosed external hemorrhoids (TEH) in pregnancy. BMC Surgery. 2023;23:15. doi: 10.1186/s12893-023-01910-1
Araji T, Wang S, Kandalaft N, et al. Recurrent closed loop bowel obstruction in third trimester of pregnancy: case report and review of literature. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2022;4:178. doi: 10.1007/s42399-022-01260-8
Chen YY, Chang CY, Lin CH, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of hemorrhoids during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Journal of Women's Health. 2023; 32(12):1394-1401. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0124
Livovsky DM, Adler NS. Capsule endoscopy in special situations, Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; 2015;17(1):37-39. doi: 10.1016/j.tgie.2015.02.008
Arkenbosch JHC, van Ruler O, de Vries AC. Non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy (including bowel surgery and gallbladder surgery). Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2020;44:1-7.
Güner S. Gebelik ve Cerrahi Hastalıklar. Aktaş S, Aksoy Derya Y, Toker E. (ed.) A’dan Z’ye Temel Ebelik içinde. Cilt 1. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi; 2023. p. 576-588
Topaloğlu S, Çalık A. Gebelikte Cerrahi Hastalıklar. Yeşilçiçek Çalık K, Coşar Çetin F. (ed.) Doğum Öncesi Dönem II içinde. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi; 2018. p. 171-193.
Okeagu CN, Anandi P, Gennuso S, et al. Clinical management of the pregnant patient undergoing non-obstetric surgery: review of guidelines. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020;34(2):269-281. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.04.004
Crowley MP, Noone C, Higgins JR, et al. A multicentre study of thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy. Irish Medical Journal. 2017;110(5):567. doi:10147/621373
Guimicheva B, Czuprynska J, Arya R. The prevention of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. British Journal of Hematology. 2015;168(2):163e74. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13159
Kalaitzopoulos DR, Panagopoulos A, Samant S, et al. Management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Thrombosis Research. 2022;211:106-113. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2022.02.002
Tolcher MC, Fisher WE, Clark SL. Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018;132(2):395-403. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002748
Hadımlı A. Gastrointestinal Problemler. Soğukpınar N. (ed.) Gebelikte Tıbbi Problemler içinde. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti; 2016. p.171-198.
Madden AM, Currie E. Gallbladder disease and nutrition. In: Miranda Lomer (ed.) Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology. Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester; 2014. p. 263-272.
Turaç N, Ünsal A. Düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin uygulaması. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;23(1):169-175. doi: 10.17049/ataunihem.553871
Sonderman K, Golden A, Vora P, et al. Surgical emergencies in the pregnant patient. Current Problems in Surgery. 2023;60(5):101304. doi: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2023.101304
Şengör K, Çavdar İ. Abdominal surgery in pregnancy and care of the pregnant patient. Midwifery. 2022;2(2):76-83. doi: 10.5152/MNM.2022.220965
Brown KE, Hirshberg JS, Conner SN. Gallbladder and biliary disease in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;63(1):211–225. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000496
Schlussel AT, Roedel EQ. Large Bowel Obstruction: Current Techniques and Trends in Management. In: Brown CVR, Inaba K, Martin MM, Salim A (eds). Emergency general surgery. Springer; 2019. p. 283. (eBook).doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-96286-3
Yavuz van Giersbergen M. Cerrahi hemşireliği. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2023. p.1-704.
Oldenkamp CL, Kitamura K. Nonobstetric surgical emergencies in pregnancy. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 2023;41(2):259-267. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2023.01.001
Şahin E. Gebelikte Annede Görülen Fizyolojik Değişiklikler. Nazik E (ed). Doğum, kadın sağlığı ve hastalıkları hemşireliği içinde. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2022. p. 97-116.
Sultan Aİ, Saadi RK, Habash MM,et al. Outcomes of symptomatic gallstone disease in pregnant women: a retrospective study. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology. 2023;30(2):e1-e7. doi: 10.47750/jptcp.2023.1055
Dadlani A, Brandabur J, Carlson CJ, et al. ERCP during pregnancy: a review of safe practices. Practical Gastroenterology. 2022;46(6):61-70.
Pearl JP, Price RR, Tonkin AE, et al. SAGES guidelines for the use of laparoscopy during pregnancy. Surgical Endoscopy. 2017;31:3767–3782. doi: 10.1007/s00464-017-5637-3
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Committee. Committee opinion no. 723: guidelines for diagnostic ımaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2017;130(4):e210-e216. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002355
Maringhini A, Dardanoni G, Fantaci G, et al. Acute pancreatitis during and after pregnancy: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2021;66:3164–3170. doi: 10.1007/s10620-020-06608-5
Mukherjee R, Samanta S. Surgical emergencies in pregnancy in the era of modern. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2019;58(2):177-182. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2019.01.001
Lopez-Lopez V, Navaratne L, Ferreras D, et al. Laparoscopic bile duct exploration during pregnancy: a multi-center case series and literature review. Langenbecks Archives of Surgery. 2023;408:45. doi: 10.1007/s00423-023-02793-9
Vujic J, Marsoner K, Lipp-Pump AH, et al. Non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy – an eleven-year retrospective analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:382. doi: 10.1186/s12884-019-2554-6
Cusimano MC, Liu J, Azizi P, et al. Adverse fetal outcomes and maternal mortality following nonobstetric abdominopelvic surgery in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Surgery. 2023;278(1):e147–e157. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005362
Veerappan A, Gawron AJ, Soper NJ, et al. Delaying cholecystectomy for complicated gallstone disease in pregnancy is associated with recurrent postpartum symptoms. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2013;17:1953–1959. doi: 10.1007/s11605-013-2330-2
Jorge AM, Keswani RN, Veerappan A, et al. Non-operative management of symptomatic cholelithiasis in pregnancy is associated with frequent hospitalizations. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2015;19:598–603.
Cheng V, Mathusushima K, Sandhu K, et al. Surgical trends in the management of acute cholecystitis during pregnancy. Surgical Endoscopy. 2021;35(10):5752-5759. doi: 10.1007/s00464-020-08054-w.2021
Silvestri MT, Pettker CM, Brousseau EC, et al. Morbidity of appendectomy and cholecystectomy in pregnant and nonpregnant women. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2011;118(6):1261–1270. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318234d7bc
Alchirazi KA, Chaar A, Alkhayyat M, et al. Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in chronic pancreatitis: a population-based study. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology. 2023;118(10):46-47. doi: 10.14309/01.ajg.0000949860.97628.e8
Ji F, Tang W, Yan W, et al. A nomogram to predict the occurrence of pseudocyst in the patients with acute pancreatitis, Pancreatology. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2024.08.007 (baskıda).
Zhang T, Wang G, Cao Z, et al. Acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a 10-year, multi-center, retrospective study in Beijing. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2022;22:414. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04742-8
Al Samaraee A, Bhattacharya V. Challenges encountered in the management of gall stones induced pancreatitis in pregnancy. International Journal of Surgery. 2019;71:72-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.09.016
Niu C, Zhang J, Liu H, Zhu K, et al. Maternal and fetal outcomes of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy: a population-based study. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2023;35(12):1354-1361. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000002665
Shah J, Rana SS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in acute pancreatitis. Indian Journal of Gastroenterology. 2020;39:123-132. doi: 10.1007/s12664-020-01016-z
Niu C, Zhang J, Zhu K, et al. The hidden dangers of chronic pancreatitis in pregnancy: Evidence from a large-scale population study. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2023;55(12):1712-1718. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2023.07.001
Croke L. Caring for pregnant patients undergoing nonobstetric surgery. AORN Journal. 2023;117(4):1-8. doi: 10.1002/aorn.13908
Atanasiu IE, Gheoca D, Botezatu, et al. Acute cholecystitis in pregnancy. Romanian Medical Journal. 2022;69(Suppl2):13-16. doi: 10.37897/RMJ.2022.S2.3
Yıldız Fındık Ü, Ünver S, Eyi S. Gastrointestinal sistemin cerrahi hastalıkları ve hemşirelik bakımı. İstanbul: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2019 p. 1-278.
Carson MP. The Pregnant Surgical Patient. In: Jaffer AK, Grant PJ (eds.) Perioperative medicine. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey; 2012.
Gonzalez_Brown V, Frey H. The hepatobiliary system: an overview of normal function and diagnostic testing in pregnancy. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2019;63(1)1:122–133. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000504
Williamson C, Nana M, Poon L, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of liver diseases in pregnancy. Journal of Hepatology. 2023;79(3):768-828. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.006
Dubey S, Rani J. Hepatic rupture in preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome: A catastrophic presentation. Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020;59(5):643-651. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.003
Birkness-Gartman J, Oshima K. Liver pathology in pregnancy. Pathology International. 2021;72(1):1-13. doi: 10.1111/pin.13186
Guarino M, Cossiga V, Morisco F. The interpretation of liver function tests in pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2020;44–45:101667. doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2020.101667
Vidarte MFE, Montes D, Pérez A, et al. Hepatic rupture associated with preeclampsia, report of three cases and literature review. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine. 2019;32(16):2767-2773. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1446209
Augustin G, Hadzic M, Juras J, et al. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy complicated by liver rupture or hematoma: a systematic review of 391 reported cases. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2022;17(40):1-12. doi: 10.1186/s13017-022-00444-w
Bloom BA, Gibbons RC. Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls; July 24, 2023. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261902/ (Accessed 1th September 2024)
Pal P, Reddy DN, Tandan M. Endoscopy in pregnancy: a systematic review. Journal of Digestive Endoscopy. 2021;12(03):138-150. doi: 10.1055s-0041-1739567
Hogan DE, Ma M, Kadosh D, et al. Endo-hepatology: An emerging field. World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2021;13(8):296. doi: 10.4253/wjge.v13.i8.296
Sethi A, Banerjee S, Chahal P. Advanced endoscopic procedures in pregnancy. Official Journal of the American College of Gastroenterology. 2022;117(10S):39-43. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001959
Luo H, He X, Wang M, et al. Comparision of ligasure hemorrhoidectomy and conservative treatment for thrombosed external hemorrhoids (TEH) in pregnancy. BMC Surgery. 2023;23:15. doi: 10.1186/s12893-023-01910-1
Araji T, Wang S, Kandalaft N, et al. Recurrent closed loop bowel obstruction in third trimester of pregnancy: case report and review of literature. SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine. 2022;4:178. doi: 10.1007/s42399-022-01260-8
Chen YY, Chang CY, Lin CH, et al. Prevalence, characteristics, and treatment of hemorrhoids during pregnancy: a nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. Journal of Women's Health. 2023; 32(12):1394-1401. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0124
Livovsky DM, Adler NS. Capsule endoscopy in special situations, Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; 2015;17(1):37-39. doi: 10.1016/j.tgie.2015.02.008
Arkenbosch JHC, van Ruler O, de Vries AC. Non-obstetric surgery in pregnancy (including bowel surgery and gallbladder surgery). Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology. 2020;44:1-7.
Güner S. Gebelik ve Cerrahi Hastalıklar. Aktaş S, Aksoy Derya Y, Toker E. (ed.) A’dan Z’ye Temel Ebelik içinde. Cilt 1. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi; 2023. p. 576-588
Topaloğlu S, Çalık A. Gebelikte Cerrahi Hastalıklar. Yeşilçiçek Çalık K, Coşar Çetin F. (ed.) Doğum Öncesi Dönem II içinde. İstanbul: İstanbul Tıp Kitapevi; 2018. p. 171-193.
Okeagu CN, Anandi P, Gennuso S, et al. Clinical management of the pregnant patient undergoing non-obstetric surgery: review of guidelines. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020;34(2):269-281. doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.04.004
Crowley MP, Noone C, Higgins JR, et al. A multicentre study of thromboprophylaxis in pregnancy. Irish Medical Journal. 2017;110(5):567. doi:10147/621373
Guimicheva B, Czuprynska J, Arya R. The prevention of pregnancy-related venous thromboembolism. British Journal of Hematology. 2015;168(2):163e74. doi: 10.1111/bjh.13159
Kalaitzopoulos DR, Panagopoulos A, Samant S, et al. Management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy. Thrombosis Research. 2022;211:106-113. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2022.02.002
Tolcher MC, Fisher WE, Clark SL. Nonobstetric Surgery During Pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2018;132(2):395-403. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000002748
Hadımlı A. Gastrointestinal Problemler. Soğukpınar N. (ed.) Gebelikte Tıbbi Problemler içinde. Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık Eğitim Danışmanlık Tic. Ltd. Şti; 2016. p.171-198.
Madden AM, Currie E. Gallbladder disease and nutrition. In: Miranda Lomer (ed.) Advanced Nutrition and Dietetics in Gastroenterology. Wiley-Blackwell: Chichester; 2014. p. 263-272.
Turaç N, Ünsal A. Düşük molekül ağırlıklı heparin uygulaması. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;23(1):169-175. doi: 10.17049/ataunihem.553871
Pages
137-160
Published
February 14, 2025
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