Empowering Biosensors: The Surface Functionalization Strategies of Metal Nanoparticles for Enhanced Diagnostics
Özet
This chapter delves into the critical role of metal nanoparticles (MNPs) in biosensor applications, where their unique properties, including high surface area-to-volume ratios, distinctive electronic and optical behaviors, and customizable surfaces, have positioned them as valuable tools across healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety diagnostics. The chapter comprehensively explores both chemical and physical methods for surface functionalization, highlighting how these techniques improve MNP stability, reactivity, and biocompatibility. Specific chemical approaches, such as thiol-metal chemistry, silane coupling, carbodiimide chemistry, and maleimide-thiol interactions, enable the robust attachment of biomolecules to nanoparticle surfaces. Physical methods like electrostatic forces, Van der Waals interactions, and polymer coatings offer additional versatility. Advanced techniques, including bioconjugation through the biotin-streptavidin system, aptamer functionalization, and innovative approaches such as Layer-by-Layer assembly and click chemistry, provide enhanced specificity and stability essential for high-performance biosensors. The chapter also examines the technical, regulatory, and scalability challenges that must be addressed to broaden MNP-based biosensor applications, particularly in achieving consistent results across varied environments. By addressing these challenges, MNP-based biosensors have the potential to significantly enhance global public health, environmental sustainability, and food safety.
Referanslar
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F. Tielens, E. Santos, AuS and SH bond formation/breaking during the formation of alkanethiol SAMs on Au (111): a theoretical study, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 9444–9452.
G. Dharanivasan, S.M. Riyaz, D.M.I. Jesse, T.R. Muthuramalingam, G. Rajendran, K. Kathiravan, DNA templated self-assembly of gold nanoparticle clusters in the colorimetric detection of plant viral DNA using a gold nanoparticle conjugated bifunctional oligonucleotide probe, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 11773–11785.
S. Sangwan, R. Seth, Synthesis and stability analysis of papain‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (P‐AuNPs) for the colorimetric detection of mercury in milk, Int. J. Dairy Technol. 76 (2023) 351–363.
O. Awotunde, S. Okyem, R. Chikoti, J.D. Driskell, Role of Free Thiol on Protein Adsorption to Gold Nanoparticles, Langmuir 36 (2020) 9241–9249. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01550.
S. Maher, M. Kamel, Z. Demerdash, H. El Baz, O. Sayyouh, A. Saad, N. Ali, F. Salah, S. Atta, Gold conjugated nanobodies in a signal-enhanced lateral flow test strip for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen in saliva samples, Sci. Rep. 13 (2023) 10643. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37347-y.
F. Ahangaran, A.H. Navarchian, Recent advances in chemical surface modification of metal oxide nanoparticles with silane coupling agents: A review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 286 (2020) 102298.
T.K.H. Ta, M.-T. Trinh, N.V. Long, T.T.M. Nguyen, T.L.T. Nguyen, T.L. Thuoc, B.T. Phan, D. Mott, S. Maenosono, H. Tran-Van, Synthesis and surface functionalization of Fe3O4-SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 1, 1′-carbonyldiimidazole for bio-applications, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 504 (2016) 376–383.
R.A. Bohara, N.D. Thorat, S.H. Pawar, Role of functionalization: strategies to explore potential nano-bio applications of magnetic nanoparticles, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 43989–44012.
A. Kausaite-Minkstimiene, A. Popov, A. Ramanaviciene, Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor with antibody-functionalized magnetoplasmonic nanoparticles for ultrasensitive quantification of the CD5 biomarker, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 20720–20728.
M. Lahnsteiner, A. Kastner, J. Mayr, A. Roller, B.K. Keppler, C.R. Kowol, Improving the Stability of Maleimide–Thiol Conjugation for Drug Targeting, Chem. – Eur. J. 26 (2020) 15867–15870. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202003951.
A. Marques, P. Costa, S. Velho, M. Amaral, Functionalizing nanoparticles with cancer-targeting antibodies: A comparison of strategies, J. Controlled Release 320 (2020) 180–200.
M. Sastry, M. Rao, K.N. Ganesh, Electrostatic Assembly of Nanoparticles and Biomacromolecules, Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (2002) 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar010094x.
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R.H. Krishna, M. Chandraprabha, P. Monika, T. Br, V. Chaudhary, C. Manjunatha, Biomolecule conjugated inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: A review, Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. (2022) 1–42.
S. Edwards, D. Williams, Double Layers and Interparticle Forces in Colloid Science and Biology: Analytic Results for the Effect of Ionic Dispersion Forces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 248303.
D. Yuan, Y. Zhang, W. Ho, R. Wu, Effects of van der Waals Dispersion Interactions in Density Functional Studies of Adsorption, Catalysis, and Tribology on Metals, J. Phys. Chem. C 124 (2020) 16926–16942. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02293.
M. Oliverio, S. Perotto, G.C. Messina, L. Lovato, F. De Angelis, Chemical Functionalization of Plasmonic Surface Biosensors: A Tutorial Review on Issues, Strategies, and Costs, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 29394–29411. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01583.
R. Kumar, G.R. Pulikanti, K.R. Shankar, D. Rambabu, V. Mangili, L.R. Kumbam, P.S. Sagara, N. Nakka, M. Yogesh, Surface coating and functionalization of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications, in: Met. Oxides Biomed. Biosens. Appl., Elsevier, 2022: pp. 205–231.
M. Pourmadadi, A. Shamsabadipour, A. Aslani, M.M. Eshaghi, A. Rahdar, S. Pandey, Development of polyvinylpyrrolidone-based nanomaterials for biosensors applications: a review, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 152 (2023) 110714.
S. Prakash, T. Chakrabarty, A.K. Singh, V.K. Shahi, Polymer thin films embedded with metal nanoparticles for electrochemical biosensors applications, Biosens. Bioelectron. 41 (2013) 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.031.
M. Hamami, A. Mars, N. Raouafi, Biosensor based on antifouling PEG/Gold nanoparticles composite for sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk, Microchem. J. 165 (2021) 106102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106102.
M. Yadav, G. Singh, S. Lata, Polyvinylpyrrolidone/TiO2 composites’ preparation via sol–gel procedure furthered with non-enzymatic glucose sensing and antibacterial effectiveness, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30 (2023) 98563–98580.
P.C. Weber, D.H. Ohlendorf, J. Wendoloski, F. Salemme, Structural origins of high-affinity biotin binding to streptavidin, Science 243 (1989) 85–88.
C.E. Chivers, A.L. Koner, E.D. Lowe, M. Howarth, How the biotin-streptavidin interaction was made even stronger: investigation via crystallography and a chimaeric tetramer., Biochem. J. 435 (2011) 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20101593.
J.H.T. Luong, S.K. Vashist, Chemistry of Biotin–Streptavidin and the Growing Concern of an Emerging Biotin Interference in Clinical Immunoassays, ACS Omega 5 (2020) 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03013.
P.H.E. Hamming, J. Huskens, Streptavidin Coverage on Biotinylated Surfaces., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (2021) 58114–58123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c16446.
C. Pechyen, B. Tangnorawich, S. Toommee, R. Marks, Y. Parcharoen, Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and biosensing applications, Sens. Int. 5 (2024) 100287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100287.
S. Song, L. Wang, J. Li, C. Fan, J. Zhao, Aptamer-based biosensors, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 27 (2008) 108–117.
B. Strehlitz, N. Nikolaus, R. Stoltenburg, Protein detection with aptamer biosensors, Sensors 8 (2008) 4296–4307.
J. Yi, W. Xiao, G. Li, P. Wu, Y. He, C. Chen, Y. He, P. Ding, T. Kai, The research of aptamer biosensor technologies for detection of microorganism, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104 (2020) 9877–9890.
Y. Zhao, K. Yavari, J. Liu, Critical evaluation of aptamer binding for biosensor designs, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 146 (2022) 116480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116480.
E.M. McConnell, J. Nguyen, Y. Li, Aptamer-based biosensors for environmental monitoring, Front. Chem. 8 (2020) 434.
W. Zhao, J. Xu, H. Chen, Electrochemical biosensors based on layer‐by‐layer assemblies, Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal. 18 (2006) 1737–1748.
R.M. Iost, F.N. Crespilho, Layer-by-layer self-assembly and electrochemistry: Applications in biosensing and bioelectronics, Biosens. Bioelectron. 31 (2012) 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.040.
K. Teeparuksapun, M. Hedström, B. Mattiasson, A Sensitive Capacitive Biosensor for Protein a Detection Using Human IgG Immobilized on an Electrode Using Layer-by-Layer Applied Gold Nanoparticles, Sensors 22 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010099.
J. Ma, J. Yuan, Y. Xu, Y. Jiang, W. Bai, J. Zheng, Ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of bisphenol A in food samples based on a strategy for activity enhancement of enzyme: Layer-by-layer self-assembly of tyrosinase between two-dimensional porphyrin metal–organic framework nanofilms, Chem. Eng. J. 446 (2022) 137001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137001.
Y. Hui, H. Peng, F. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Yufang, A. Zhao, R. Jia, B. Wang, Y. Song, A novel electrochemical aptasensor based on layer-by-layer assembly of DNA-Au@Ag conjugates for rapid detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples, J. Dairy Sci. 105 (2022) 1966–1977. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-20931.
H.C. Kolb, M. Finn, K.B. Sharpless, Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 2004–2021.
Y. Chen, Y. Xianyu, J. Wu, B. Yin, X. Jiang, Click Chemistry-Mediated Nanosensors for Biochemical Assays., Theranostics 6 (2016) 969–985. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.14856.
M. Tarnowska, T. Krawczyk, Click chemistry as a tool in biosensing systems for sensitive copper detection, Biosens. Bioelectron. 169 (2020) 112614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112614.
F. Esmailzadeh, R. Taheri-Ledari, M.M. Salehi, S. Zarei-Shokat, F. Ganjali, A. Mohammadi, I. Zare, A. Kashtiaray, F. Jalali, A. Maleki, Bonding states of gold/silver plasmonic nanostructures and sulfur-containing active biological ingredients in biomedical applications: a review, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. (2024).
F. Tielens, E. Santos, AuS and SH bond formation/breaking during the formation of alkanethiol SAMs on Au (111): a theoretical study, J. Phys. Chem. C 114 (2010) 9444–9452.
G. Dharanivasan, S.M. Riyaz, D.M.I. Jesse, T.R. Muthuramalingam, G. Rajendran, K. Kathiravan, DNA templated self-assembly of gold nanoparticle clusters in the colorimetric detection of plant viral DNA using a gold nanoparticle conjugated bifunctional oligonucleotide probe, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 11773–11785.
S. Sangwan, R. Seth, Synthesis and stability analysis of papain‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (P‐AuNPs) for the colorimetric detection of mercury in milk, Int. J. Dairy Technol. 76 (2023) 351–363.
O. Awotunde, S. Okyem, R. Chikoti, J.D. Driskell, Role of Free Thiol on Protein Adsorption to Gold Nanoparticles, Langmuir 36 (2020) 9241–9249. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01550.
S. Maher, M. Kamel, Z. Demerdash, H. El Baz, O. Sayyouh, A. Saad, N. Ali, F. Salah, S. Atta, Gold conjugated nanobodies in a signal-enhanced lateral flow test strip for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen in saliva samples, Sci. Rep. 13 (2023) 10643. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37347-y.
F. Ahangaran, A.H. Navarchian, Recent advances in chemical surface modification of metal oxide nanoparticles with silane coupling agents: A review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 286 (2020) 102298.
T.K.H. Ta, M.-T. Trinh, N.V. Long, T.T.M. Nguyen, T.L.T. Nguyen, T.L. Thuoc, B.T. Phan, D. Mott, S. Maenosono, H. Tran-Van, Synthesis and surface functionalization of Fe3O4-SiO2 core-shell nanoparticles with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and 1, 1′-carbonyldiimidazole for bio-applications, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 504 (2016) 376–383.
R.A. Bohara, N.D. Thorat, S.H. Pawar, Role of functionalization: strategies to explore potential nano-bio applications of magnetic nanoparticles, RSC Adv. 6 (2016) 43989–44012.
A. Kausaite-Minkstimiene, A. Popov, A. Ramanaviciene, Surface plasmon resonance immunosensor with antibody-functionalized magnetoplasmonic nanoparticles for ultrasensitive quantification of the CD5 biomarker, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14 (2022) 20720–20728.
M. Lahnsteiner, A. Kastner, J. Mayr, A. Roller, B.K. Keppler, C.R. Kowol, Improving the Stability of Maleimide–Thiol Conjugation for Drug Targeting, Chem. – Eur. J. 26 (2020) 15867–15870. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202003951.
A. Marques, P. Costa, S. Velho, M. Amaral, Functionalizing nanoparticles with cancer-targeting antibodies: A comparison of strategies, J. Controlled Release 320 (2020) 180–200.
M. Sastry, M. Rao, K.N. Ganesh, Electrostatic Assembly of Nanoparticles and Biomacromolecules, Acc. Chem. Res. 35 (2002) 847–855. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar010094x.
D. Soto, J. Orozco, Hybrid Nanobioengineered Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors, Molecules 27 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123841.
R.H. Krishna, M. Chandraprabha, P. Monika, T. Br, V. Chaudhary, C. Manjunatha, Biomolecule conjugated inorganic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: A review, Biotechnol. Genet. Eng. Rev. (2022) 1–42.
S. Edwards, D. Williams, Double Layers and Interparticle Forces in Colloid Science and Biology: Analytic Results for the Effect of Ionic Dispersion Forces, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 248303.
D. Yuan, Y. Zhang, W. Ho, R. Wu, Effects of van der Waals Dispersion Interactions in Density Functional Studies of Adsorption, Catalysis, and Tribology on Metals, J. Phys. Chem. C 124 (2020) 16926–16942. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c02293.
M. Oliverio, S. Perotto, G.C. Messina, L. Lovato, F. De Angelis, Chemical Functionalization of Plasmonic Surface Biosensors: A Tutorial Review on Issues, Strategies, and Costs, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 29394–29411. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b01583.
R. Kumar, G.R. Pulikanti, K.R. Shankar, D. Rambabu, V. Mangili, L.R. Kumbam, P.S. Sagara, N. Nakka, M. Yogesh, Surface coating and functionalization of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications, in: Met. Oxides Biomed. Biosens. Appl., Elsevier, 2022: pp. 205–231.
M. Pourmadadi, A. Shamsabadipour, A. Aslani, M.M. Eshaghi, A. Rahdar, S. Pandey, Development of polyvinylpyrrolidone-based nanomaterials for biosensors applications: a review, Inorg. Chem. Commun. 152 (2023) 110714.
S. Prakash, T. Chakrabarty, A.K. Singh, V.K. Shahi, Polymer thin films embedded with metal nanoparticles for electrochemical biosensors applications, Biosens. Bioelectron. 41 (2013) 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2012.09.031.
M. Hamami, A. Mars, N. Raouafi, Biosensor based on antifouling PEG/Gold nanoparticles composite for sensitive detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk, Microchem. J. 165 (2021) 106102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.106102.
M. Yadav, G. Singh, S. Lata, Polyvinylpyrrolidone/TiO2 composites’ preparation via sol–gel procedure furthered with non-enzymatic glucose sensing and antibacterial effectiveness, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 30 (2023) 98563–98580.
P.C. Weber, D.H. Ohlendorf, J. Wendoloski, F. Salemme, Structural origins of high-affinity biotin binding to streptavidin, Science 243 (1989) 85–88.
C.E. Chivers, A.L. Koner, E.D. Lowe, M. Howarth, How the biotin-streptavidin interaction was made even stronger: investigation via crystallography and a chimaeric tetramer., Biochem. J. 435 (2011) 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20101593.
J.H.T. Luong, S.K. Vashist, Chemistry of Biotin–Streptavidin and the Growing Concern of an Emerging Biotin Interference in Clinical Immunoassays, ACS Omega 5 (2020) 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b03013.
P.H.E. Hamming, J. Huskens, Streptavidin Coverage on Biotinylated Surfaces., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 13 (2021) 58114–58123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c16446.
C. Pechyen, B. Tangnorawich, S. Toommee, R. Marks, Y. Parcharoen, Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, characterization, and biosensing applications, Sens. Int. 5 (2024) 100287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sintl.2024.100287.
S. Song, L. Wang, J. Li, C. Fan, J. Zhao, Aptamer-based biosensors, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 27 (2008) 108–117.
B. Strehlitz, N. Nikolaus, R. Stoltenburg, Protein detection with aptamer biosensors, Sensors 8 (2008) 4296–4307.
J. Yi, W. Xiao, G. Li, P. Wu, Y. He, C. Chen, Y. He, P. Ding, T. Kai, The research of aptamer biosensor technologies for detection of microorganism, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 104 (2020) 9877–9890.
Y. Zhao, K. Yavari, J. Liu, Critical evaluation of aptamer binding for biosensor designs, TrAC Trends Anal. Chem. 146 (2022) 116480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2021.116480.
E.M. McConnell, J. Nguyen, Y. Li, Aptamer-based biosensors for environmental monitoring, Front. Chem. 8 (2020) 434.
W. Zhao, J. Xu, H. Chen, Electrochemical biosensors based on layer‐by‐layer assemblies, Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal. 18 (2006) 1737–1748.
R.M. Iost, F.N. Crespilho, Layer-by-layer self-assembly and electrochemistry: Applications in biosensing and bioelectronics, Biosens. Bioelectron. 31 (2012) 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2011.10.040.
K. Teeparuksapun, M. Hedström, B. Mattiasson, A Sensitive Capacitive Biosensor for Protein a Detection Using Human IgG Immobilized on an Electrode Using Layer-by-Layer Applied Gold Nanoparticles, Sensors 22 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010099.
J. Ma, J. Yuan, Y. Xu, Y. Jiang, W. Bai, J. Zheng, Ultrasensitive electrochemical determination of bisphenol A in food samples based on a strategy for activity enhancement of enzyme: Layer-by-layer self-assembly of tyrosinase between two-dimensional porphyrin metal–organic framework nanofilms, Chem. Eng. J. 446 (2022) 137001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137001.
Y. Hui, H. Peng, F. Zhang, L. Zhang, L. Yufang, A. Zhao, R. Jia, B. Wang, Y. Song, A novel electrochemical aptasensor based on layer-by-layer assembly of DNA-Au@Ag conjugates for rapid detection of aflatoxin M1 in milk samples, J. Dairy Sci. 105 (2022) 1966–1977. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-20931.
H.C. Kolb, M. Finn, K.B. Sharpless, Click chemistry: diverse chemical function from a few good reactions, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40 (2001) 2004–2021.
Y. Chen, Y. Xianyu, J. Wu, B. Yin, X. Jiang, Click Chemistry-Mediated Nanosensors for Biochemical Assays., Theranostics 6 (2016) 969–985. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.14856.
M. Tarnowska, T. Krawczyk, Click chemistry as a tool in biosensing systems for sensitive copper detection, Biosens. Bioelectron. 169 (2020) 112614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2020.112614.
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14 Şubat 2025
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